PSIX-14 Effects of substituting dietary corn with beet pulp on growth performance and microbial profiles in the rumen of Korean cattle steers

Abstract This experiment evaluated the effects of substituting corn with beet pulp (BP) on growth performance and ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbiomes in fattening steers. Twelve Korean cattle steers (body weight, 485 ± 19 kg; age, 18.0 ± 0.17 months) were divided into corn and BP groups. Both groups were fed the basal concentrate to meet 80% of the nutrient requirements. For the corn group, corn (dry matter) was supplemented for the remaining 20% of requirement by top dressing; the BP group was supplemented with 14.88% BP plus 1.92% fat to provide the iso-energy content as the corn group. Steers were fed oat grass (2 kg as-fed basis) daily. Body weight was measured, and rumen fluid was collected after 3 h of feeding using oral stomach tube methods: at the start of the experiment then at 4-week intervals. Feed intake, average daily gain, and gain-to-feed ratio were not (P > 0.05) affected by BP substitution; nor were acetate, propionate, butyrate, or total volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rumen fluid (P > 0.05). BP substitution increased (P < 0.05) the acetate to propionate ratio at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Genomic DNA was extracted from pellets of rumen contents, and microbial populations were measured using real-time PCR at 8 and 12 weeks. BP substitution increased relative abundances of cellulolytic bacteria including Fibrobacter succinogenes (P = 0.01) and Ruminococcus albus (P = 0.04) at 12 weeks, whereas it did not affect amylolytic bacteria, including Succinimonas amylolytica, Ruminobacter amylophilus, and Streptococcus bovis. At 8 weeks, none of the microbial populations were altered by BP substitution. In conclusion, BP could provide a good energy source substitute for corn without affecting growth performance in the fattening period of beef cattle. Increased relative abundances of several cellulolytic bacteria supported the increased ruminal acetate to propionate ratio.

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PSV-12 Nutrient Utilization of Black Soldier Fly-derived Feed Ingredients Is Affected by Growth Stage and Processing Method Based on in vitro Assays

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.324 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 198-199

Author(s):

Hansol Kim ◽

Eunjeong Jang ◽

Sang Yun Ji ◽

Beob Gyun G Kim

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Bone Development ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Nutrient Utilization ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Feed Ingredients ◽

Dietary Phosphorus ◽

Percentage Difference

Abstract Sufficient supply of dietary phosphorus (P) is critical for maximizing muscle and bone growth of pigs. The objective was to compare standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P requirements of growing pigs determined in the experiments and those estimated using modeling approach. Fifty-two experiments in the literature that empirically determined P requirements of pigs were employed. The basis for the determination of P requirements were growth performance (average daily gain or gain to feed ratio; n = 34) and bone development (n = 23). Based on the STTD P in the feed ingredients provided in NRC (2012) and ingredient composition used in the experiments, P requirements presented as total P, available P, and true total tract digestible P were converted to STTD P requirements. To obtain STTD P requirements (g/d) suggested by NRC (2012) for grow-finishing pigs (body weight > 20 kg), mean body weight and sex indicated in the experiments were input into the NRC model. The statistical model for comparing the empirical data and the NRC requirements included the basis for determining P requirements in the experiments as a fixed variable and body weight as a random variable. To quantify the deviations between NRC STTD P requirement estimates and empirically determined STTD P requirements, mean percentage difference was calculated. The STTD P requirements empirically determined based on growth performance were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (5.89 vs. 4.61 g/d, SEM = 0.27; P < 0.001). Moreover, the bone development-based STTD P requirements were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (6.63 vs. 4.46 g/d, SEM = 0.42; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the standardized total tract digestible P requirements suggested by the NRC are less than the experimentally determined requirements.

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215 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 39- to 119-kg Pigs Sired by High Index Boars

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.133 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 81-82

Author(s):

Ning Lu ◽

Carine M Vier ◽

Gustavo Silva ◽

Luis E Zaragoza ◽

Brandon Knopf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

High Index ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Linear Quadratic ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Best Fitting ◽

Competing Models

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on the growth performance of grow-finish pigs. A total of 1,120 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 39.0±0.82 kg) were used in a 77-d study. Pigs used in the study were sired by boars ranked in the top 15% of a selected PIC elite boar stud based on index. Pens of pigs were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments, which consisted of 85, 95, 105, 115, and 125% of the PIC2016 SID Lys recommendations within each phase. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated to be iso-caloric. Treatments were achieved with increasing feed-grade amino acids. There were 9 mixed-gender pens per treatment and 24 or 25 pigs per pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). Increasing dietary SID Lys from 85 to 125% marginally improved overall average daily gain (ADG, quadratic, P = 0.056), gain to feed ratio (G:F, quadratic, P = 0.062), and final body weight (linear, P = 0.075). There was no evidence for treatment effects on mortality and removals (P > 0.10). The best-fitting models for ADG were QP and BLL. The QP model estimated the maximum ADG at 110.6% (95% CI: 93 to >125%), with 99% of maximum ADG achieved at 97.4%. The BLL plateau was estimated at 105.0% (95% CI: 74 to 136%). The best-fitting model for G:F was QP, estimating the maximum G:F at 107.8% (95% CI: 92 to >125%). In conclusion, the estimated optimum overall SID Lys for 39- to 119-kg pigs sired by high index boars ranged from 105.0 to 110.6% of PIC2016 SID Lys recommendation within each phase, depending on the response criteria and statistical model.

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PSXII-28 Effect of corn type and tylosin inclusion on performance and liver function in feedlot heifers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.827 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 417-418

Author(s):

David M Crawford ◽

Joshua C McCann

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Liver Function ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Starch Digestibility ◽

Muscle Area ◽

Finishing Diets ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Nitrogen Concentrations

Abstract The objective was to compare the effect of corn type and tylosin inclusion on heifer growth performance, liver function, and carcass characteristics. Angus and Simmental × Angus heifers (n = 120; 188 ± 2.6 kg) were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and alloted to 8 pens. Pens were randomly assigned on d 0 to either be fed tylosin (T+) or no tylosin (T-). Heifers were adapted to the finishing diets utilizing a common adaptation proccess over 35 d. On d 36, pens were then assigned to a high moisture corn-based diet (HMC) or a dry-rolled corn-based diet (DRC) to achieve a 2 × 2 factorial design. Body weight was recorded and blood was collected on d 0, 35, and approximately every 28 d following. Rumen fluid and fecal grab samples were collected on a subset (n = 48) every 56 d. Treatment did not affect BW (P ≥ 0.14) or overall average daily gain (P ≥ 0.65) throughout the trial. No differences (P ≥ 0.21) were observed in overall dry matter intake. There was a diet × tylosin inclusion effect (P = 0.02) for estimated starch digestibility to be greatest for HMC/T+ heifers. On d 252, HMC heifers had greater (P = 0.03) ruminal pH before feeding compared to DRC. Heifers fed DRC/T- had the greatest (P = 0.01) blood urea nitrogen concentrations of all treatments. Aspertate aminotransferase was greater in T+ heifers compared with T- (P < 0.01). Heifers fed HMC had a larger (P = 0.04) longissimus muscle area than heifers fed DRC. Heifers fed HMC T+ had the most (P = 0.04) desireable yield grade. Although corn type and tylosin inclusion did not affect growth performance, corn type may affect starch digestibility, ruminal pH and blood markers of liver function.

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The effect of creep feed and diet complexity on growth performance in suckling and weaned pigs

Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias ◽

10.17533/udea.rccp.v33n3a04 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 159-171

Author(s):

Paige K Isensee ◽

Sarah E ◽

Lindsey G Wichman ◽

Autumn L Thoma ◽

Young D Jang

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Initial Body Weight ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

Creep Feed ◽

Suckling Piglets ◽

D 12 ◽

Dietary Treatments

Background: Creep feed is offered to suckling piglets to introduce solid feed and provide extra nutrients in late lactation. However, the effect of creep feed is inconsistent; there is little information about the effect of creep diet complexity on piglet performance. Objective: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of creep feed and its complexity on growth performance of suckling and weaned pigs. Methods: In Exp. 1, eight litters (average 19.9 ± 1.1 d of age; initial piglet weight: 6.74 ± 1.2 kg) were allotted to two dietary treatments considering breed, litter size and weight, as follows: no creep feed (n=3) and creep feed (n=5; offered for 8 days before weaning). At weaning (d 28 of age), the pigs were divided into three treatments (6 pigs/pen, 3 replicates; initial body weight: 9.66 ± 0.34 kg) balanced by gender, body weight, and breed, as follows: creep feed eaters, creep feed non-eaters, and no creep feed. In Exp. 2, two different types of creep feed were offered to suckling piglets (initial piglet weight: 3.79 ± 0.55 kg) in seven litters from d 12 of age (average 12.0 ± 1.3 d of age) to weaning (d 25 of age). Treatments were: HCF (n=4): highly-complex creep diet containing 3% fish meal, 2.4% blood meal, and 15% whey; and 2) LCF (n=3): lowly-complex creep diet without the mentioned ingredients. At weaning, only eater pigs were divided into 2 treatments (6 pigs/pen, 3 replicates; initial body weight: 7.53 ± 0.97 kg) balanced by gender, breed and body weight as follows: HCF eaters and LCF eaters. In both experiments, creep feed was mixed with 1% Cr2O3 to measure fecal color for eater/non-eater categorization and the pigs were fed a common nursery diet for 21 days. Results: In both experiments, there were no differences on piglet weaning weight and overall nursery growth performance among the treatments. In Exp. 2, the creep feed intake and percentage of eaters per litter were not different between the HCF and LCF treatments, whereas the HCF eaters tended to have a greater average daily gain (p=0.08) and gain to feed ratio (p=0.09) than the LCF eaters during d 7-14 postweaning. Conclusion: Creep feed did not affect overall piglet growth in suckling and nursery phases, but its complexity might affect pig growth in the early nursery phase.

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PSVI-21 Digestible Phosphorus Requirements of Growing Pigs Determined in Experiments Are Greater Than Those Estimated Using Modeling Approach

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.334 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 204-205

Author(s):

Hansol Kim ◽

Bokyung Hong ◽

Beob Gyun G Kim

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Bone Development ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Modeling Approach ◽

Dietary Phosphorus ◽

Percentage Difference

Abstract Sufficient supply of dietary phosphorus (P) is critical for maximizing muscle and bone growth of pigs. The objective was to compare standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P requirements of growing pigs determined in the experiments and those estimated using modeling approach. Fifty-two experiments in the literature that empirically determined P requirements of pigs were employed. The basis for the determination of P requirements were growth performance (average daily gain or gain to feed ratio; n = 34) and bone development (n = 23). Based on the STTD P in the feed ingredients provided in NRC (2012) and ingredient composition used in the experiments, P requirements presented as total P, available P, and true total tract digestible P were converted to STTD P requirements. To obtain STTD P requirements (g/d) suggested by NRC (2012) for grow-finishing pigs (body weight > 20 kg), mean body weight and sex indicated in the experiments were input into the NRC model. The statistical model for comparing the empirical data with the NRC requirements included the basis for determining P requirements in the experiments as a fixed variable and body weight as a random variable. To quantify the deviations between NRC STTD P requirement estimates and empirically determined STTD P requirements, mean percentage difference was calculated. The STTD P requirements empirically determined based on growth performance were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (5.89 vs. 4.61 g/d, SEM = 0.27; P < 0.001). Moreover, the bone development-based STTD P requirements were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (6.63 vs. 4.46 g/d, SEM = 0.42; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the standardized total tract digestible P requirements suggested by the NRC are less than the experimentally determined requirements.

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PSXV-24 Effects of dietary beet pulp on growth performance, beef quality, rumen fermentation characteristics, and blood parameters in Korean cattle steers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.596 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 324-325

Author(s):

Seok-Hyeon Beak ◽

InHyuk Jung ◽

da Jin Sol Jung ◽

Jinoh Lee ◽

Do Hyun Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Beef Quality ◽

Korean Cattle ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

Good Energy ◽

Oat Straw ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract We investigated the effects of feeding beet pulp (BP) instead of corn flake (CF) on growth performance, beef quality, ruminal fermentation, and blood parameters in Korean cattle steers. Eighteen Korean cattle steers (body weight, 732 ± 12.6 kg; age, 31.2 ± 0.16 months) were divided into the CF and BP groups. The approximately 92% of dry matter of the requirement was offered as a concentrate portion, and the 8% was offered as an oat straw. The 85% of concentrate portion was provided by the pelleted basal concentrate, and the remaining 15% with CF or BP for 12 weeks. Average daily gain, feed efficiency, and carcass traits were not affected by feeding BP. The proportion of ruminal iso-butyrate (P = 0.004), iso-valerate (P = 0.001), and valerate (P = 0.01) were lower in the BP group compared to the CF group. Blood glucose (P = 0.06) and non-esterified fatty acids (P = 0.09) concentrations tended to be higher in the BP group than in the CF group. The results suggest that BP could be a good energy source without affecting the growth performance and beef quality in Korean cattle steers.

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PSV-19 Effect of Low Nutrient Density Diet with Probiotic Mixture (B. Subtilis ms1, B. Licheniformis SF5-1, and S. Cerevisiae) Supplementation on Performance of Weaner Pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.318 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 193-195

Author(s):

Vetriselvi Sampath ◽

Hyun Ju Park ◽

Yong min Kim ◽

Je Min Ahn ◽

Inho Kim

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

The Body ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Low Density ◽

Gas Emission ◽

Nutrient Density ◽

Weaner Pigs

Abstract BACKGROUND: A total of one hundred and forty, 28 d-old weaner pigs [Duroc x (Yorkshire x Landrace)] with initial body weight (BW) of 6.56±1.25kg were used in a six-week treatment (7 replicate pens per treatment; barrows, and 2 gilts/pen) to evaluate the effect of low nutrient density diet supplement with probiotic mixture supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, and gas emission of weaner pigs. RESULTS: Pigs fed low-density diet with probiotic mixture supplementation had linearly increased (P = 0.028, 0.014) the body weight (BW) at weeks 3, and 6. Moreover, average daily gain (ADG) was linearly improved (P=0.018, 0.014, 0.014) at week 3, 6, and overall experiment. However, there were no interactive effects found on the nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and energy (E) throughout the experiment. Dietary inclusion of low-density diet with probiotic mixture supplementation has improved the fecal lactobacillus counts linearly, but E. coli was unaffected during the trail. On day 42, Ammonium gas emission was significantly decrease in pigs fed a low-density diet with probiotic mixture supplementation. However, H2S, acetic acid, and CO2 were not significantly affected by the probiotic mixture supplementation diet. CONCLUSION: Low-density diet with probiotic mixture supplementation had positively affected the growth performance, fecal microbial, and fecal gas emission on weaner pigs.

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Effects of coated and noncoated steroidal implants on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and serum estradiol-17β concentrations of finishing Holstein steers

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa190 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Pedro H V Carvalho ◽

Mariana F Westphalen ◽

Jonathan A Campbell ◽

Tara L Felix

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Animal Health ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Serum Estradiol ◽

Trenbolone Acetate ◽

Coated Implant ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Estradiol 17Β

Abstract The objectives of the study were to determine the effect of coated or noncoated hormone implants on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and serum estradiol-17β (E2) concentrations of Holstein steers fed a grain-based diet for 112 d. Seventy-nine Holstein steers [average initial body weight (BW) = 452 ± 5.5 kg] were stratified by BW and allotted to one of two treatments: 1) Holstein steers implanted with a coated implant containing 200 mg of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and 40 mg E2 (Revalor-XS (Merck Animal Health; Summit, NJ)] on day 0 (XS) or 2) Holstein steers implanted two times (days 0 and 56) with a noncoated implant containing 80 mg of TBA and 16 mg of E2 [(2IS) Revalor-IS (Merck Animal Health)]. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). There was no effect (P ≥ 0.71) of implant strategy on initial, middle, and final BW. No effect (P ≥ 0.12) of implant strategy was observed on average daily gain, dry matter intake, or gain-to-feed ratio. There were no effects (P ≥ 0.11) of implant strategy on carcass characteristics. There was an implant × day interaction (P < 0.01) for the circulation of serum E2 concentrations. Serum E2 concentration increased similarly 14 d after Holstein steers were implanted, regardless of implant strategy. At 28 d, after steers were implanted, steers in the XS group had less serum E2 concentration than Holstein steers in the 2IS group. However, at 56 d after the first implantation, both groups, once again, had similar serum E2 concentrations and E2 concentrations were less on day 56 than day 28 for both strategies. Holstein steers implanted with 2IS had greater serum E2 concentration on day 70 and E2 concentrations remained greater than serum E2 of Holstein steers implanted XS for the duration of the trial (day 112). In summary, there was no effect of coated or two doses of noncoated implant on growth performance or carcass characteristics of Holstein steers.

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PSX-B-5 Effect of replacement of dry-rolled corn with un-processed rye on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy utilization, and carcass traits of finishing heifers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.813 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 458-459

Author(s):

Keith M Buckhaus ◽

Warren C Rusche ◽

Zachary K Smith

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Estradiol Benzoate ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Net Energy ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Trenbolone Acetate ◽

Finishing Diets

Abstract Continental × British beef heifers were used in a randomized complete block design experiment to evaluate the effects of replacing dry-rolled corn with unprocessed rye on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization, and carcass trait responses in finishing heifers. Heifers (n = 56; 433 ± 34.0 kg) were transported 241 km from a regional sale barn to the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD. Heifers were blocked by weight grouping and then allotted to pens (n = 7 heifers/pen and 4 pens/treatment). Treatments included a finishing diet that contained 60% grain (DM basis) as dry-rolled corn (DRC) or unprocessed rye grain (RYE). On d 14, heifers were consuming the final diet and were implanted with 200 mg of trenbolone acetate and 28 mg of estradiol benzoate (Synovex-Plus, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ). RYE heifers had decreased (P ≤ 0.01) final body weight, average daily gain, and gain efficiency; but tended (P = 0.08) to have a greater dry matter intake compared to DRC. RYE had decreased (P ≤ 0.01) observed dietary NE and decreased (P ≤ 0.01) observed-to-expected dietary NE ratio for maintenance and gain compared to DRC. Dressing percentage, 12th rib fat thickness, ribeye area, and the distribution of USDA yield and quality grades were not altered (P ≥ 0.12) by diet. Hot carcass weight, yield grade, estimated empty body fat (EBF), and body weight at 28% EBF decreased (P ≤ 0.02) and retail yield increased (P= 0.01) in RYE compared to DRC. These data indicate that unprocessed rye is a palatable feed ingredient for inclusion in finishing diets for beef cattle and that rye inclusion only minimally influences carcass quality. The feeding value of unprocessed rye is considerably less (21.4%) than that of dry-rolled corn using current standards and approximately 91% of the NE value of processed rye.

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Effect of Yeast Type and Dose on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Growing Rabbits Fed Maize or Barley

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-1331 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amr M.A. Elmasry ◽

Luis A. Miranda ◽

Germán Mendoza ◽

Fernando X. Plata

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Yeast Concentration

Background: The effects of the probiotics vary with the doses and strains used for this reason, a study was conducted over 35 days to determine the effect of live yeast supplementation in the diet of growing rabbits on growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility.Methods: A total of 60 New Zealand and California rabbits (5 weeks old, average body weight 0.881±0.015 kg) were housed in 30 cages. They were fed with a control diet based on alfalfa and maize or barley grains and supplemented with Procreatin®7 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I 1077) or Biosaf® SC47 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC Sc47) at three doses, namely 0, 6.4, or 12.8 ×109 CFU per kg basal diet.Result: The higher yeast concentration had a positive effect (P less than 0.01) on final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and carcass weight (CW). However, there were no significant differences in dry matter intake. As a result of this, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased (P less than 0.01). Significant increases (P less than 0.05) in nutrient digestibility (DM, OM, NDF and ADF) were observed with both grains. The use of yeast in maize and barley-based diets of rabbits has positive effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility.

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