Virulence of Metarhizium brunneum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) Strains Against Stinkbugs Euschistus heros and Dichelops furcatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 2540-2545
Author(s):  
G Resquín-Romero ◽  
C Cabral-Antúnez ◽  
H Sarubbi-Orue ◽  
I Garrido-Jurado ◽  
P Valverde-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Median Survival ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Average Survival Time ◽  
Native Strain ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Euschistus Heros ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Three strains of fungi belonging to the genus Metarhizium Sorokīn (ARSEF 4556, ARSEF 3297, native strain) were assayed against adults and nymphs of the Neotropical brown stinkbug Euschistus heros (F.) and the green-belly stinkbug Dichelops furcatus (F.). The most virulent strain, ARSEF 4556, caused over 90% mortality. The average survival time of the second and fifth instar nymphs and adults following immersion in 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 was 4.8, 5.7, and 5.2 d, respectively. The second instar nymphs were more susceptible than the adults. The LC50 values and median survival times for second instar and adult E. heros were 1.6 × 107 and 3.1 × 107 conidia ml−1 and 6 and 8 d, respectively. Eggs of E. heros and the closely related stinkbug, D. furcatus, were highly susceptible to ARSEF 4556 with the mean mortality of eggs immersed in 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 being 77.4% and 89.7%, respectively. The strain 3297 showed also good aptitudes for stinkbugs control with mortalities higher than 80% against nymphs and adults and eggs mortalities of 75.5% for E. heros and 79.6% for D. furcatus. This study has shown that it is possible to have a two-pronged control strategy, targeting adults and to reduce oviposition and targeting egg clusters to prevent emergence and dispersal of nymphs. Besides early instars of nymphs have been shown to be more susceptible to the fungal strains than late instars and adults.

Prognosis of Childhood Leukemia

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1056-1058
Author(s):  
Richard C. Stein ◽  
Arthur R. Ablin ◽  
Joseph H. Kushner ◽  
Seymour Zoger
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Research ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Median Survival ◽  
Childhood Leukemia ◽  
Average Survival Time ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Saturday Evening ◽  
Saturday Evening Post

We have been troubled by what we judge to be inaccurate assessments of the current prognosis of acute leukemia in childhood. These assessments have appeared in the lay press: Saturday Evening Post, June 1, 1968, "It is quite possible . . . that median survival of patients now starting treatment will be between 4 and 5 years;" Time, March 4, 1969, "now . . . the average survival time is about 5 years in major medical centers" and in such medical journals as J.A.M.A., Medical Tribune, Cancer Research, and so forth, where in a number of artides in the last 2 years median survivals of 3 years or longer are stated as current or shortly to be obtained.

A Maximum Entropy Estimator for the Average Survival Time Differences between Two Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Marian Manciu ◽  
Sorour Hosseini ◽  
Joscelyne Guzman-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Time Difference ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Average Survival Time ◽  
Sample Number ◽  
Time To Event Data ◽  
Entropy Estimator ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
The Difference

Background: Statistical methods commonly used in survival analysis typically provide the probability that the difference between groups is due to chance, but do not offer a reliable estimate of the average survival time difference between groups (the difference between median survival time is usually reported). Objective: We suggest a Maximum-Entropy estimator for the average Survival Time Difference (MESTD) between groups. Methods: The estimator is based on the extra survival time, which should be added to each member of the group, to produce the maximum entropy of the result (resulting in the groups becoming most similar). The estimator is calculated only from time to event data, does not necessarily assume hazard proportionality and provides the magnitude of the clinical differences between the groups. Results: Monte Carlo simulations show that, even at low sample numbers (much lower than the ones needed to prove that the two groups are statistically different), the MESTD estimator is a reliable predictor of the clinical differences between the groups, and therefore can be used to estimate from (low sample numbers) preliminary data whether or not the large sample number experiment is worth pursuing. Conclusion: By providing a reasonable estimate for the efficacy of a treatment (e.g., for cancer) even for low sample data, it might provide useful insight in testing new methods for treatment (for example, for quick testing of multiple combinations of cancer drugs).

scholarly journals 3217 Catatonia, Delirium and Coma: Implications for Mortality

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (s1) ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
Jo Ellen Wilson ◽  
Sarasota Mihalko ◽  
Stephan Heckers ◽  
Pratik P. Pandharipande ◽  
Timothy D. Girard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Median Survival ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Median Survival Time ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Acute Brain Dysfunction

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Delirium, a form of acute brain dysfunction, characterized by changes in attention and alertness, is a known independent predictor of mortality in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). We sought to understand whether catatonia, a more recently recognized form of acute brain dysfunction, is associated with increased 30-day mortality in critically ill older adults. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We prospectively enrolled critically ill patients at a single institution who were on a ventilator or in shock and evaluated them daily for delirium using the Confusion Assessment for the ICU and for catatonia using the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale. Coma, was defined as a Richmond Agitation Scale score of −4 or −5. We used the Cox Proportional Hazards model predicting 30-day mortality after adjusting for delirium, coma and catatonia status. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We enrolled 335 medical, surgical or trauma critically ill patients with 1103 matched delirium and catatonia assessments. Median age was 58 years (IQR: 48 - 67). Main indications for admission to the ICU included: airway disease or protection (32%; N=100) or sepsis and/or shock (25%; N=79. In the unadjusted analysis, regardless of the presence of catatonia, non-delirious individuals have the highest median survival times, while delirious patients have the lowest median survival time. Comparing the absence and presence of catatonia, the presence of catatonia worsens survival (Figure 1). In a time-dependent Cox model, comparing non-delirious individuals, holding catatonia status constant, delirious individuals have 1.72 times the hazards of death (IQR: 1.321, 2.231) while those with coma have 5.48 times the hazards of death (IQR: 4.298, 6.984). For DSM-5 catatonia scores, a 1-unit increase in the score is associated with 1.18 times the hazards of in-hospital mortality. Comparing two individuals with the same delirium status, an individual with a DSM-5 catatonia score of 0 (no catatonia) will have 1.178 times the hazard of death (IQR: 1.086, 1.278), while an individual with a score of 3 catatonia items (catatonia) present will have 1.63 times the hazard of death. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Non-delirious individuals have the highest median survival times, while those who are comatose have the lowest median survival times after a critical illness, holding catatonia status constant. Comparing the absence and presence of catatonia, the presence of catatonia seems to worsen survival. Those individual who are both comatose and catatonic have the lowest median survival time.

Effect of Cytokine Therapy on Survival for Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1928-1935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Motzer ◽  
Madhu Mazumdar ◽  
Jennifer Bacik ◽  
Paul Russo ◽  
William J. Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Median Survival ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Interferon Alfa ◽  
Cytokine Therapy ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Long Term Survivors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between treatment with cytokine therapy and survival, investigate the effect of nephrectomy on survival, and identify long-term survivors among a cohort of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 670 patients with advanced RCC treated on 24 clinical trials of systemic chemotherapy or cytokine therapy were the subjects of this retrospective analysis. Treatment was categorized as cytokine (containing interferon alfa and/or interleukin-2) in 396 patients (59%) and as chemotherapy (cytotoxic or hormonal therapy) in 274 (41%). Among the 670 patients, those with survival times of greater than 5 years were identified as long-term survivors. RESULTS: Patients treated with cytokine therapy had a longer survival time than did those treated with chemotherapy, regardless of the year of treatment or risk category based on pretreatment features. The median survival times for favorable-, intermediate-, and poor-risk patients were 27, 12, and 6 months for those treated with cytokines and 15, 7, and 3 months for those treated with chemotherapy, respectively. The magnitude of difference in median survival was greater in the favorable- and intermediate-risk groups. The median survival time was less than 6 months in the poor-risk group for both treatment programs. Median survival time was 14 months among patients with prior nephrectomy plus time from diagnosis to treatment greater than 1 year versus 8 months among those with time from diagnosis to treatment less than 1 year, regardless of pretreatment nephrectomy status. Thirty patients (4.5%) among the 670 patients were identified as long-term survivors; 12 were free of disease after nephrectomy and treatment with interferon alfa, interleukin-2, or surgical resection of metastasis. CONCLUSION: The low proportion of patients with advanced RCC who achieve long-term survival emphasizes the need for clinical investigation to identify more effective therapy.

Effect of Intravenous Iron in Experimental Traumatic Shock

1956 ◽  
Vol 186 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-556
Author(s):  
Donn L. Smith ◽  
Irvin I. Kibbey ◽  
Max E. Bierwagen ◽  
J. R. Cruse
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Intravenous Iron ◽  
Traumatic Shock ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Liver Iron ◽  
Mean Survival Time ◽  
The Mean

Intravenous administration of colloidal saccharated iron oxide prior to intestinal traumatization in the albino rat resulted in a significant reduction of the mean survival time. Sodium gold thiosulfate and colloidal manganese hydroxide employed in the same manner did not significantly alter mean survival times. ACTH and cortisone did not modify the deleterious effects of iron in experimental traumatic shock. A decrease in soluble liver iron was observed when traumatization followed the injection of iron. It was concluded that the reduction of mean survival time in iron injected, traumatized animals was due to a specific action of iron and is not the result of generalized heavy metal toxicity.

Development, Growth, and Survival of Lepeophtheirus Salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) Under Laboratory Conditions

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Johnson ◽  
L. J. Albright
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Copepodid Stage ◽  
The Mean

Development, growth, and survival data derived from laboratory experiments are provided for Lepeophtheirus salmonis, a common ectoparasite of wild and sea-farmed salmonids. The mean development time of eggs was 419·1 hours (17·5 days) at 5°C, 207·1 hours (8·6 days) at 10°C, and 130·8 hours (5·5 days) at 15°C. Development from the first nauplius to the infectious copepodid stage took 222·3 hours (9·3 days) at 5°C, 87·4 hours (3·6 days) at 10°C, and 44·8 (1·9 days) hours at 15°C. Development from the egg to the adult male took 40 days, and from the egg to the adult female 52 days at 10°C. No egg development occurred at 10‰ salinity. At 15‰ eggs developed but failed to produce active nauplii. At higher salinities (20–3‰) active nauplii were produced, but copepodids were only obtained at 30‰. Copepodids survived for less than 1 day in waters with a salinity of 10‰ or less. At higher salinities (15–30‰) and temperatures of 5,10, and 15°C average survival times ranged between 2 and 8 days.

The probability that the largest observation is censored

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 602-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Maller ◽  
S. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Failure Time ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Random Variables ◽  
Consistent Estimator ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Practical Difficulty ◽  
Independent Censoring ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Suppose n possibly censored survival times are observed under an independent censoring model, in which the observed times are generated as the minimum of independent positive failure and censor random variables. A practical difficulty arises when the largest observation is censored since then the usual non-parametric estimator of the distribution of the survival time is improper. We calculate the probability that this occurs and give necessary and sufficient conditions for this probability to converge to 0 as n →∞. As an application, we show that if this probability is 0, asymptotically, then a consistent estimator for the mean failure time can be found. An almost sure version of the problem is also considered.

Relationship Between Survival Rate and Survival-Time of Rabbits, Oryctolagus-Cuniculus (L), Challenged With Myxoma Virus

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Parer
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Myxoma Virus ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Mean Survival Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
The Mean

The mean survival times of small groups of rabbits challenged with myxoma virus have been used to estimate survival rates and to allocate virulence grades to field strains of myxoma virus. The slope of the regression Line relating survival percentage to mean survival time in days was shown to be less steep than has been previously estimated. This overestimation of the regression slope has, in the past, resulted in most field strains of myxoma virus being allocated to the Grade III level of virulence when allocation to Grade I would have been more appropriate.

Chick survival in the megapode Alectura lathami (Australian brush-turkey)

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Göth ◽  
Uwe Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Chick Survival ◽  
Average Survival Time ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Introduced Predators ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Alectura Lathami ◽  
Breeding Seasons

Megapode chicks live independently from the time of hatching and are thus ideal subjects for investigations into how the lack of parental care can affect chick survival. Here, we present such results for chicks of the Australian brush-turkey (Alectura lathami), radio-tracked in two smallremnant rainforest patches (Mary Cairncross Rainforest Park and Aplin Forest) from their second day of life. Mortality was 88–100% during the first three weeks after hatching. It did not differ between two breeding seasons at Mary Cairncross Rainforest Park, as evident from comparisons of average survival time (in days) and Kaplan–Meier survival estimates. Survival differed, though, between the two sites in the same breeding season: the average survival time was significantly higher at Aplin Forest (8 days compared with 3�days) and the Kaplan–Meier survival estimates decreased less sharply. Predation by cats and birds of prey exerted the greatest influence on survival, but the proportion of deaths caused by these two predators was approximately the same at both sites. The main factor affecting survival was obviously the availability of thickets, which were more abundant at Aplin Forest. The survival rates of chicks released in thickets was significantly higher than of those released in the rainforest, presumably because they were better protected from predators. For chicks living in thickets the likelihood of being killed was lower than expected, but it was higher for those remaining in rainforest. On the basis of these results, we propose that management plans for endangered megapodes should include the identification and protection of large protective thicket habitats for enhancing overall chick survival, apart from controlling introduced predators such as feral cats.

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