scholarly journals A Rare, Recently Discovered Nematode, Oscheius onirici (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae), Kills Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Within Fruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 1047-1051
Author(s):  
Shane Foye ◽  
Shawn A Steffan
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Highly Virulent

Abstract The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is an exotic species in North America and represents a major threat to fruit production. Efforts to manage D. suzukii have focused primarily on insecticides, but such controls may, at times, be unreliable, given that D. suzukii larvae are often ensconced within fruit. The fruit interior, however, may represent suitable foraging substrates for carnivorous/entomopathogenic nematodes. In preliminary trials, a rare nematode species, Oscheius onirici Torrini et al., was shown to be highly virulent against D. suzukii when the nematodes were applied directly to fly larvae. To address the more important question of whether this nematode would be as virulent when applied to fruit, we set up assays in which blueberries were infested with D. suzukii larvae and then sprayed with O. onirici infective juveniles (IJs). Across two laboratory trials, O. onirici IJs suppressed D. suzukii puparia by 78.2%. Oscheius onirici IJs were able to search effectively within fruit substrates, find the fly larvae therein, and kill the flies before they could pupariate. Oscheius onirici, therefore, may represent a viable new bio-control agent for D. suzukii management and should be field-tested across a broader diversity of cropping systems.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Economic Dipteran Fruit Flies to Entomopathogenic Nematodes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Samir Tawfik Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
Highly Virulent

The present review article demonstrates laboratory and field evaluations of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against different developmental stages of fruit flies. The virulence of the EPNs  differed clearly  even on the same insect species and / or by the same nematode species. Such differences might be attributed  to some reasons such as the method of treatment as well as the concentrations of the tested nematodes. Fruit flies are among the most important insect pests infesting vegetables and fruits causing considerable losses in the yields worldwide. In laboratory studies, the tested nematodes proved to be highly virulent to larvae as  percentage of  mortality may reach 100 %.  As for treated pupae, at different ages, the results are variable and controversially; some studies revealed their moderate or high susceptibility to nematode infection and others indicated low susceptibility or resistance to infection .Treated adults, or those emerged from treated larvae or pupae,  are also susceptible to infection.  In semi-field and field trials, EPNs proved to be successful for reducing the populations of some fruit flies with up to 85 % at concentrations not less than 100 infective juveniles (IJs) / cm2 of soil. However, the field applications of commercial EPNs have been recommended to be 2.5 – 5 x 109 IJs / ha (25-50 IJs/cm2 of soil).

scholarly journals First record of spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Montenegro

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Radonjic ◽  
Snjezana Hrncic
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Fly ◽  
First Record ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Spotted Wing Drosophila ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Laboratory Observation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
First Time

The spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive pest originating from Southeast Asia. It was detected for the first time in Europe in 2008 (Spain and Italy) and subsequently in other European countries. It is a highly polyphagous pest that infests healthy, ripening fruit and presents a serious threat to fruit production, particularly of soft skinned fruit. In the first half of October 2013, a new fruit fly species was unexpectedly detected in Tephri traps baited with the three-component female-biased attractant BioLure that is regularly used for monitoring the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedem. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Montenegro. Brief visual inspection identified the new species as the spotted wing drosophila D. suzukii. The pest was first recorded in several localities on the Montenegrin seacoast around Boka Kotor Bay. After the finding, all Drosophila specimens were collected from traps for further laboratory observation. A quick follow-up monitoring of other Tephri traps was carried out within the next few days on the rest of the seacoast (localities from Tivat to Ulcinj). Additionally, Tephri traps were set up around Lake Skadar and in the city of Podgorica, as well as on fresh fruit markets in Podgorica. The results of this preliminary study showed that D. suzukii was present in all surveyed locations and adults were captured until late December. Both sexes were found in traps with BioLure. Our data show that D. suzukii is present in southern parts of Montenegro and there is a serious threat of its further spreading, particularly towards northern parts of the country where the main raspberry and blueberry production is placed. The results also show that Tephri traps baited with BioLure can be used for detection and monitoring of spotted wing drosophila.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Various Developmental Stages of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 868
Author(s):  
Rajendra Acharya ◽  
Hwal-Su Hwang ◽  
Md Munir Mostafiz ◽  
Yeon-Su Yu ◽  
Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Highly Virulent

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, which is native to Central and South America, has recently invaded Africa and Asia, causing serious damage to various crops. Although management to date has been largely unsuccessful, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are a potential biological control agent that could be used to control the late larval and pupal stages of S. frugiperda that dwell under the ground. Here, we compared the virulence of seven EPNs against larval and pupal stages of S. frugiperda. In a Petri dish assay, both Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae were highly virulent against younger larvae, whereas S. arenarium and S. longicaudum were highly virulent against older larvae. In contrast, H. bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis sp., and S. kushidai showed low virulence against all larval stages. In soil column and pot assays, H. indica, S. carpocapsae, and S. longicaudum were highly virulent against late larval and pupal stages compared with the other EPN species. Thus, H. indica, S. carpocapsae, and S. longicaudum are recommended for the biological control of S. frugiperda. Our study provides important information of EPNs for the practical application of biological control of fall armyworm.

scholarly journals First field records of Pachycrepoideus vindemiae as a parasitoid of Drosophila suzukii in European and Oregon small fruit production areas

Entomologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. e3 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Rossi Stacconi ◽  
A. Grassi ◽  
D.T. Dalton ◽  
B. Miller ◽  
M. Ouantar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
New Host ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Study Sites

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a destructive crop pest native to Southeast Asia that recently invaded countries in Europe and North America, severely impacting commercial fruit production in its new host range. Here we report the results of a survey aimed at determining the presence of indigenous D. suzukii parasitoid populations carried out from May to October 2012 in two areas negatively affected by this fruit pest: Trento Province, Northern Italy, and Oregon in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. We conducted field and laboratory studies in order to determine the status of biological control agents utilizing D. suzukii as a host. Our study sites included a range of commercial soft fruits and natural non-commercial habitats. In each site, sentinel traps were baited with either D. suzukii or Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) larvae in different food substrates. The generalist parasitoid, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), was collected from both D. suzukii and D. melanogaster pupae in traps deployed in a selection of these sites. This report of P. vindemiae in 2012 represents the first identification of D. suzukii parasitoids in Europe. A successive parasitism efficacy test was set up under controlled laboratory conditions confirming the ability of P. vindemiae to attack D. suzukii pupae. In addition, an historical digression with analysis of the original documents in the Italian archives has been provided in order to unravel the correct species name. We finally discuss the possible practical implications of this finding for the biological control of D. suzukii.

scholarly journals Effect of sowing density and nitrogen top-dress fertilisation on growth and yield of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in a Mediterranean environment: first results

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocco Bochicchio ◽  
Roberta Rossi ◽  
Rosanna Labella ◽  
Giovanni Bitella ◽  
Michele Perniola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Salvia Hispanica ◽  
Area Index ◽  
First Results ◽  
Salvia Hispanica L ◽  
Set Up

The demand for sources of nutraceuticals has led to the rediscovery and diffusion of traditional crops such as chia (<em>Salvia hispanica</em> L.), whose leaves and fruits are rich in W3 fatty acids and anti-oxidants. Chia originates in Central America but it is rapidly expanding to new areas. A field experiment conducted at Atella in Basilicata (Southern Italy) was set up to test the response of chia to N top-dress fertilisation (0 and 20 kg ha<sup>–1</sup>) and to sowing density (D1=125, D2=25, D3=8 and D4=4 plants m<sup>–2</sup>) in a split-plot design with three replications. First results show maximum leaf area index values up to 7.1 and fresh vegetative biomass production at early flowering ranging between 50.87 (D4) and 59.71 (D1) t ha<sup>–1</sup>. Yield increased with plant density: a significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher production (398 kg ha<sup>–1</sup>) was reached in D1. N top-dressing had a detrimental effect on yield and corresponded to higher lodging and lower maturation percentage of seeds, though non-significant. Based on our first results it seems worthwhile to continue agronomical trials for chia in herbaceous systems of southern Italy for leaf production based on traditional genotypes, while fruit production might be pursued by adopting high sowing density and the search for longer-day genotypes.

scholarly journals The types of tubercle bacilli in lupus and scrofulodermia

1957 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stanley Griffith
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Highly Virulent

1. Cultures of tubercle bacilli were obtained from 204 cases of lupus.2. According to their cultural characters the strains could be divided into two main groups, one containing 102 strains with the characters of human tubercle bacilli and the other containing 102 strains with the characters of bovine tubercle bacilli.3. Virulence tests were carried out on a large number of animals, and in one instance over 100 animals were used for testing strains from a particular case.4. Of the 102 culturally human strains 41 were highly virulent for the guineapig, and for the monkey when this was tested, producing progressive and rapidly fatal tuberculosis. The remaining 61 strains (59.8%) showed varying degrees of attenuation.5. Of the 102 culturally bovine strains 34 were highly virulent for all the animals tested, producing in them severe and rapidly fatal general tuberculosis identical with that set up by standard bovine bacilli. The remaining 68 (66.7%) were of lower virulence for the rabbit, and for the calf and goat when these animals were tested, than standard bovine strains, but they all produced in one, two, or three of these species more extensive tuberculosis than human bacilli. For the guineapig, and for the monkey when tested, these strains fell below the virulence of standard bovine strains, except for a few whose virulence was only slightly lowered for the rabbit.

Evaluation of a contraction flow field on hydrodynamic damage to entomopathogenic nematodes?A biological pest control agent

2004 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane P. Fife ◽  
Richard C. Derksen ◽  
H. Erdal Ozkan ◽  
Parwinder S. Grewal ◽  
Jeffrey J. Chalmers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Contraction Flow ◽  
Biological Pest Control

scholarly journals Octabor (boron) as a Low Toxicity Control Tactic for the Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Troy Cloutier ◽  
Francis Andrew Drummond ◽  
Judith Collins
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Spotted Wing Drosophila ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Sugar Addition ◽  
Wild Blueberry

The recently introduced spotted wing drosophila is one of the most serious pests in small fruit production in the United States and Europe. Most control relies upon multiple applications of synthetic insecticides. In an effort to find less-toxic insecticides to consumers, farm workers, and wildlife, we conducted two laboratory trials and a semi-field trial in order to assess the potential for disodium octaborate tetrahydrateformulated and sold as Octabor®(U.S. Borax, Inc.) as a control for spotted wing drosophila in wild blueberry. We found that Octabor at 0.6 and 1.0% (w/v) applied to wild blueberry fruit resulted in higher mortality of flies than non-treated control fruit. Addition of sugar to Octabor enhanced mortality in one of the two trials, with an interaction between sugar addition and Octabor rate suggesting that the addition of sugar provided the greatest enhancement at the low rate. Our semi-field study showed that an apparent repellency effect of Octabor provided protection of fruit from infestation for up to 3 days. Also in the semi-field study, we observed a delayed effect on fly mortality. Increased fly mortality occurred over time, relative to the non-treated control fruit. The greatest fly mortality, relative to the non-treated control, resulted from flies being exposed to fruit treated 3 and 7 days prior to fly exposure, but not immediately after the treatment of Octabor. We speculate on why this type of delay in mortality might have occurred.    

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