Species-specific environmental conditions for winter bat acoustic activity in North Carolina, United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A Parker ◽  
Han Li ◽  
Matina C Kalcounis-Rueppell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Lasiurus Cinereus ◽  
Acoustic Activity ◽  
White Nose Syndrome ◽  
Big Brown Bat ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Probability Of Presence ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Low winter temperatures are a major driver of hibernation and migration in temperate North American bats. Hibernation and migration in turn affect bat mortality via white-nose syndrome and collisions with wind turbines. To describe winter bat acoustic activity across a wide temperature gradient and to understand species-specific responses to low temperatures, we recorded nightly acoustic activity of bats at 15 sites across the state of North Carolina, United States, from December through February 2016 – 2018. Bat acoustic activity was recorded at all sites during both winters. Nightly probability of bat acoustic presence regressed positively on ambient temperature. Nightly probability of presence in Lasionycteris noctivagans (silver-haired bat) and Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat) regressed negatively on wind speed. The mean probability of presence within the same winter condition was highest for L. noctivagans, followed by E. fuscus, Perimyotis subflavus (tricolored bat), and Lasiurus cinereus (hoary bat). Differences in species’ mean body weight and roosting preference explained part of the variation of the species-specific probability of presence. Our results can be used to predict bat acoustic presence for these species across the southeastern United States in winter, and better understand the potential threats to bats such as white-nose syndrome and wind turbine interactions.

Geographic Distribution of Ophiosphaerella Species in the Mid-Atlantic United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell Joseph Hutchens ◽  
Caleb Henderson ◽  
Elizabeth A Bush ◽  
James Kerns ◽  
David McCall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Spring Dead Spot ◽  
Athletic Fields ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Ophiosphaerella Herpotricha ◽  
Species Specific

Spring dead spot (SDS) of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) is primarily caused by Ophiosphaerella herpotricha and Ophiosphaerella korrae in North America. These two species respond differently to numerous management practices, grow optimally at different soil pH ranges, and differ in aggressiveness. Understanding the Ophiosphaerella species distribution in regions where SDS occurs will allow turfgrass managers to tailor their management practices toward the predominant species present. A survey was conducted in the Mid-Atlantic United States in which one to 14 samples of bermudagrass expressing SDS symptoms were taken from 51 athletic fields, golf courses, or sod farms across Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia. DNA was isolated from necrotic root and stolon tissue, amplified using species-specific primers, and detected in a real-time PCR assay. At least one isolate of O. herpotricha was recovered from 76% of the locations and O. korrae was recovered from 73% of the locations. Ophiosphaerella herpotricha was amplified from 55% of the samples while O. korrae was amplified from 37% of the samples. There were distinct regions in the Mid-Atlantic in which either O. herpotricha or O. korrae was predominant. Ophiosphaerella herpotricha was predominant in western Virginia, central North Carolina as well as Delaware and eastern Maryland. However, O. korrae was predominant in central Maryland and Virginia as well as eastern Virginia and North Carolina. Ophiosphaerella herpotricha was isolated from certain cultivars more frequently than O. korrae and vice versa. These survey results elucidate the geographic distribution of O. herpotricha and O. korrae throughout the Mid-Atlantic United States.

The Effect of Warming Winter Temperatures on the Severity of Pierce's Disease in the Appalachian Mountains and Piedmont of the Southeastern United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osama Anas ◽  
Una Jean Harrison ◽  
Phillip M. Brannen ◽  
Turner B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Pierce's Disease ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Pierce’S Disease ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Winter Temperatures

Pierce's disease (PD) caused by Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a major threat to the rapidly growing Vitis vinifera/French-American hybrid winegrape industry in the southeastern United States. The bacterium, which is transmitted by xylemfeeding insects, is unable to survive low winter temperatures, and infected vines often recover the next year. Maps available from the 1970s indicate that PD is not a serious threat in the southeastern US, where the average minimum January temperature is ≤ 1.7°C. However PD symptoms developed in many vineyards planted in the late 1990s in areas identified as low risk. Surveys conducted in North Carolina and Georgia confirmed the presence of Xf in symptomatic vines using ELISA kits. Weather data for November to March from 84 weather stations from 1972-2005 for Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia were used to construct new maps using ArcGIS 9.1, and PD survey data from vineyards were superimposed on the maps. Areas for low risk for PD corresponded most closely with a minimum winter temperature of ≤ -12.2°C for 2 to 3 days or ≤ -9.4°C for 4 to 5 days. Warm winter temperatures during the last 8 years have resulted in a significant shift in the isotherms towards the north and west, increasing the risk of PD in the Piedmont region of the Southeast, and have extended the threat into Virginia and Tennessee. Accepted for publication 11 March 2008. Published 18 July 2008.

Migration and the Internet

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas John Cooke ◽  
Ian Shuttleworth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Dynamics Models

It is widely presumed that information and communication technologies, or ICTs, enable migration in several ways; primarily by reducing the costs of migration. However, a reconsideration of the relationship between ICTs and migration suggests that ICTs may just as well hinder migration; primarily by reducing the costs of not moving.  Using data from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics, models that control for sources of observed and unobserved heterogeneity indicate a strong negative effect of ICT use on inter-state migration within the United States. These results help to explain the long-term decline in internal migration within the United States.

scholarly journals Does Emancipation Matter? Fertility of Chinese International Migrants to the United States and Nonmigrants during China’s One-child Policy Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 019791832199478
Author(s):  
Wanli Nie ◽  
Pau Baizan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates the impact of international migration to the United States on the level and timing of Chinese migrants’ fertility. We compare Chinese women who did not leave the country (non-migrants) and were subject to restrictive family policies from 1974 to 2015 to those who moved to the United States (migrants) and were, thus, “emancipated” from these policies. We theoretically develop and empirically test the emancipation hypothesis that migrants should have a higher fertility than non-migrants, as well as an earlier timing of childbearing. This emancipation effect is hypothesized to decline across birth cohorts. We use data from the 2000 US census, the 2005 American Community Survey, the 2000 Chinese census, and the 2005 Chinese 1 percent Population Survey and discrete-time event history models to analyze first, second, and third births, and migration as joint processes, to account for selection effects. The results show that Chinese migrants to the United States had substantially higher childbearing probabilities after migration, compared with non-migrants in China, especially for second and third births. Moreover, our analyses indicate that the migration process is selective of migrants with lower fertility. Overall, the results show how international migration from China to the United States can lead to an increase in migrant women’s fertility, accounting for disruption, adaptation, and selection effects. The rapidly increased fertility after migration from China to the United States might have implications on other migration contexts where fertility in the origin country is dropping rapidly while that in the destination country is relatively stable.

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