scholarly journals Linear Growth Trajectories in Early Childhood and Adult Cognitive and Socioemotional Functioning in a Guatemalan Cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-213
Author(s):  
María J Ramírez-Luzuriaga ◽  
John Hoddinott ◽  
Reynaldo Martorell ◽  
Shivani A Patel ◽  
Manuel Ramírez-Zea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Food Supplementation ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Socioemotional Functioning ◽  
Intermediate Growth

ABSTRACT Background Growth faltering in early childhood is associated with poor human capital attainment, but associations of linear growth in childhood with executive and socioemotional functioning in adulthood are understudied. Objectives In a Guatemalan cohort, we identified distinct trajectories of linear growth in early childhood, assessed their predictors, and examined associations between growth trajectories and neurodevelopmental outcomes in adulthood. We also assessed the mediating role of schooling on the association of growth trajectories with adult cognitive outcomes. Methods In 2017–2019, we prospectively followed 1499 Guatemalan adults who participated in a food supplementation trial in early childhood (1969–1977). We derived height-for-age sex-specific growth trajectories from birth to 84 mo using latent class growth analysis. Results We identified 3 growth trajectories (low, intermediate, high) with parallel slopes and intercepts already differentiated at birth in both sexes. Children of taller mothers were more likely to belong to the high and intermediate trajectories [relative risk ratio (RRR): 1.21; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.26, and RRR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.15, per 1-cm increase in height, respectively] compared with the low trajectory. Children in the wealthiest compared with the poorest socioeconomic tertile were more likely to belong to the high trajectory compared with the low trajectory (RRR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.29, 3.88). In males, membership in the high compared with low trajectory was positively associated with nonverbal fluid intelligence, working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility at ages 40–57 y. Sex-adjusted results showed that membership in the high compared with low trajectory was positively associated with meaning and purpose scores at ages 40–57 y. Associations of intermediate compared with low growth trajectories with study outcomes were also positive but of lesser magnitude. Schooling partially mediated the associations between high and intermediate growth trajectories and measures of cognitive ability in adulthood. Conclusions Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors predicted growth throughout childhood. Membership in the high and intermediate growth trajectories was positively associated with adult cognitive and socioemotional functioning.

scholarly journals Diarrheal Pathogens Associated with Growth and Neurodevelopment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R Donowitz ◽  
Jeannie Drew ◽  
Mami Taniuchi ◽  
James A Platts-Mills ◽  
Masud Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Attributable Fraction ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Typical Epec ◽  
Toddler Development ◽  
Pathogen Burden

Abstract Background Diarrheal pathogens have been associated with linear growth deficits. The effect of diarrheal pathogens on growth is likely due to inflammation which also adversely affects neurodevelopment. We hypothesized that diarrheagenic pathogens would be negatively associated with both growth and neurodevelopment. Methods We conducted a longitudinal birth cohort study of 250 children with diarrheal surveillance and measured pathogen burden in diarrheal samples using quantitative PCR. Pathogen attributable fraction estimates (AFe) of diarrhea over the first two years of life, corrected for socioeconomic variables, were used to predict both growth and scores on the Bayley III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. Results 180 children were analyzed for growth and 162 for neurodevelopmental outcomes. Rotavirus, Campylobacter, and Shigella were the leading causes of diarrhea in year 1 while Shigella, Campylobacter, and ST-ETEC were the leading causes in year 2. Norovirus was the only pathogen associated with LAZ at 24 months and was positively associated (RC 0.42, CI 0.04, 0.80). Norovirus (RC 2.46, CI 0.05 – 4.87) was also positively associated with cognitive scores while sapovirus (RC -2.64, CI -4.80 – -0.48) and Typical EPEC (RC -4.14, CI -8.02 – -0.27) were inversely associated. No pathogens were associated with language or motor scores. Significant maternal, socioeconomic, and perinatal predictors were identified for both growth and neurodevelopment. Conclusion Maternal, prenatal, and socioeconomic factors were common predictors of growth and neurodevelopment. Only a limited number of diarrheal pathogens were associated with these outcomes.

Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants Exposed to Infectious Syphilis In Utero

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 576-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valsan P. Verghese ◽  
Leonora Hendson ◽  
Ameeta Singh ◽  
Tamara Guenette ◽  
Jennifer Gratrix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

scholarly journals Linear growth trajectories in Zimbabwean infants

2016 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 1616-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan K Gough ◽  
Erica EM Moodie ◽  
Andrew J Prendergast ◽  
Robert Ntozini ◽  
Lawrence H Moulton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Growth ◽  
Growth Trajectories

scholarly journals Latent Class Growth Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling using R: A tutorial for two R-packages and a comparison with Mplus.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas J Wardenaar
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Growth Mixture Modeling ◽  
Mixture Modeling ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Growth Mixture ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Model Configuration ◽  
R Packages ◽  
Latent Class Growth ◽  
Growth Analyses

Latent Class Growth Analyses (LCGA) and Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) analyses are used to explain between-subject heterogeneity in growth on an outcome, by identifying latent classes with different growth trajectories. Dedicated software packages are available to estimate these models, with Mplus (Muthén & Muthén, 2019) being widely used . Although this and other available commercial software packages are of good quality, very flexible and rich in options, they can be costly and fit poorly into the analytical workflow of researchers that increasingly depend on the open-source R-platform. Interestingly, although plenty of R-packages to conduct mixture analyses are available, there is little documentation on how to conduct LCGA/GMM in R. Therefore, the current paper aims to provide applied researchers with a tutorial and coding examples for conducting LCGA and GMM in R. Furthermore, it will be evaluated how results obtained with R and the modeling approaches (e.g., default settings, model configuration) of the used R-packages compare to each other and to Mplus.

scholarly journals Maternal Education, Changing Family Circumstances, and Children’s Skill Development in the United States and UK

2017 ◽  
Vol 674 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margot I. Jackson ◽  
Kathleen Kiernan ◽  
Sara McLanahan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Analysis

Maternal education influences families’ socioeconomic status. It is strongly associated with children’s cognitive development and a key predictor of other resources within the family that strongly predict children’s well-being: economic insecurity, family structure, and maternal depression. Most studies examine the effects of these variables in isolation at particular points in time, and very little research examines whether findings observed among children in the United States can be generalized to children of a similar age in other countries. We use latent class analysis and data from two nationally representative birth cohort studies that follow children from birth to age five to answer two questions: (1) How do children’s family circumstances evolve throughout early childhood? and (2) To what extent do these trajectories account for differences in children’s cognitive development? Cross-national analysis reveals a good deal of similarity between the United States and UK in patterns of family life during early childhood, and in the degree to which those patterns contribute to educational inequality.

scholarly journals Early childhood diarrhoea and helminthiases associate with long-term linear growth faltering

2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1457-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Moore ◽  
AAM Lima ◽  
MR Conaway ◽  
JB Schorling ◽  
AM Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Childhood Diarrhoea ◽  
Term Linear ◽  
Growth Faltering

scholarly journals Association of the Infant Gut Microbiome With Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. e190905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne E. Sordillo ◽  
Susan Korrick ◽  
Nancy Laranjo ◽  
Vincent Carey ◽  
George M. Weinstock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome

scholarly journals Relative effects of postnatal rapid growth and maternal factors on early childhood growth trajectories

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miaobing Zheng ◽  
Steven J. Bowe ◽  
Kylie D. Hesketh ◽  
Kristy Bolton ◽  
Rachel Laws ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Childhood Growth

scholarly journals 37 Growth and neurodevelopment in early childhood of preterm infants with complex congenital heart defects following open cardiac surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. e14-e15
Author(s):  
Po-Yin Cheung ◽  
Morteza Hajihosseini ◽  
Irina Dinu ◽  
Heather Switzer ◽  
Charlene M T Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Congenital Heart Defects ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcome ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Abstract Background Compared with those born at term gestation, infants with complex congenital heart defects (CCHD) who were delivered before 37 weeks of gestational age and received neonatal open cardiac surgery (OHS) have poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in early childhood. Specific details related to the neurodevelopmental outcome of these infants remain unpublished. Objectives To describe the growth, disability, functional, and neurodevelopmental outcome in early childhood of preterm infants (born at <37+0 weeks gestation) with CCHD and neonatal OHS. Design/Methods We studied all infants with CCHD who received OHS within 6 weeks of corrected age between 1996 and 2016. In the Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Follow-up Program, comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessments at a corrected age of 18-24 months were done by multidisciplinary teams at the original referral sites. In addition to demographic and clinical data, standardized age-appropriate outcome measures included physical growth with calculated Z-scores, disabilities including cerebral palsy, visual impairment, sensorineural hearing loss; adaptive function (Adaptive Behavioural Assessment System-II); and cognitive, language, and motor skills (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III). Results From 1996 to 2016, 115 preterm infants (34±2 weeks gestation, 2339±637g, 64% males) with CCHD had OHS with 11(10%) deaths before first discharge and 21 (18%) by 2 years. Prior to the first surgery, 7 (6%) neonates had cerebral injuries. Overall, 7 had necrotizing enterocolitis; none had retinopathy of prematurity. All 94 surviving infants received comprehensive evaluation at 2 years corrected age; Eighteen (19%) had congenital syndromes who had worse functional and neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to those (n=76) without syndromal abnormalities (SA) (Table). Conclusion For preterm neonates with CCHD and early OHS, the mortality was significant, but the short-term neonatal morbidity was not increased. Compared with published preterm outcomes, the early outcome suggests more cerebral palsy but not sensorineural hearing loss, and greater neurodevelopmental delay. This information is important for management care of the infants, parental counselling and the decision-making process.

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