Changes in Ulrastructure following Fungal Invasion and the Possible Relevance of Extracellular Enzymes

Fungi is known to produce a wide range of biologically active metabolites and enzymes. Enzymes produced by fungi are utilized in food and pharmaceutical industries because of their rich enzymatic profile. Filamentous fungi are particularly interesting due to their high production of extracellular enzymes which has a large industrial potential. The aim of this study is to isolate potential soil fungi species that are able to produce functional enzymes for industries. Five Aspergillus species were successfully isolated from antibiotic overexposed soil (GPS coordinate of N3.093219 E101.40269) by standard microbiological method. The isolated fungi were identified via morphological observations and molecular tools; polymerase chain reactions, ITS 1 (5’- TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G3’) forward primer and ITS 4 (5’-TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC-3’) reverse primer. The isolated fungi were identified as Aspergillus sydowii strain SCAU066, Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7, Aspergillus candidus strain KUFA 0062, Aspergillus versicolor isolate BAB-6580, and Aspergillus protuberus strain KAS 6024. Supernatant obtained via submerged fermentation of the isolated fungi in potato dextrose broth (PDB) and extracted via centrifugation was loaded onto specific media to screen for the production of xylanolytic, cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes. The present findings indicate that Aspergillus sydowii strain SCAU066 and Aspergillus versicolor isolate BAB-6580 have great potential as an alternative source of xylanolytic, cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes.

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Isolation and Screening of Extracellular Enzymes Producing Actinobacteria Associated With Sea Weed

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3560095 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Vaishali Majethiya ◽

Sangeeta Gohel

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Enzymes

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EGF-Mediated Suppression of Cell Extrusion During Mucosal Damage Attenuates Opportunistic Fungal Invasion

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3638368 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sebastian Wurster ◽

Oscar E. Ruiz ◽

Krystin M. Samms ◽

Alexander M. Tatara ◽

Nathaniel D. Albert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mucosal Damage ◽

Fungal Invasion ◽

Cell Extrusion

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Screening for Extracellular Enzymes from Actinomycetes Isolated from Agricultural Soils of Kolathur, Tamil Nadu, India

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407213666170615112449 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 387-396 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Moni P.J. Kizhakedathil ◽

Subathra Devi Chandrasekaran

Keyword(s):

Tamil Nadu ◽

Extracellular Enzymes ◽

Agricultural Soils

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Extracellular Enzymes Production and Biofilm Formation in Rhodotorula Species

Current Enzyme Inhibition ◽

10.2174/1573408011666150917175702 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 155-160

Author(s):

Zahra Seifi ◽

Ali Z. Mahmoudabadi ◽

Sharzad Hydrinia ◽

Marzieh Halvaeezadeh

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Extracellular Enzymes ◽

Rhodotorula Species

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Characterization and optimization of extracellular enzymes production by Aspergillus niger strains isolated from date by-products

Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s43141-021-00145-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Reda Bellaouchi ◽

Houssam Abouloifa ◽

Yahya Rokni ◽

Amina Hasnaoui ◽

Nabil Ghabbour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Extracellular Enzymes ◽

Enzyme Expression ◽

Specific Enzyme ◽

Enzymatic Production ◽

High Production Rate ◽

High Production ◽

Incubation Temperatures ◽

By Products

Abstract Background This work aims to study the optimal conditions of the fermentation culture medium used for the production of extracellular enzymes (amylase, cellulase, lipase, and protease) from previously isolated Aspergillus niger strains in date by-products. Results The five most powerful isolates selected based on the zone of degradation formed on Petri plates by the substrate were subjected to the quantitative evaluation of their enzymatic production. All five strains showed almost similar API-ZYM profiles, with minor variations observed at the level of some specific enzyme expression. The production of cellulase and amylase was depending on pH and incubation temperatures. ASP2 strain demonstrated the high production rate of amylase (at pH 5 and 30 °C) and cellulase (at pH 6 and 30 °C) for 96 h of incubation. Conclusion The A. niger showed the ability to produce several extracellular enzymes and can be used in the valorization of different agroindustrial residues.

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Degradation Products of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their In Vitro Transformation by Ligninolytic Fungi

Toxics ◽

10.3390/toxics9040081 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Kamila Šrédlová ◽

Kateřina Šírová ◽

Tatiana Stella ◽

Tomáš Cajthaml

Keyword(s):

Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽

Extracellular Enzymes ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Transformation Products ◽

Irpex Lacteus ◽

Chlorobenzoic Acid ◽

Ligninolytic Fungi ◽

Wide Range ◽

Pcb Metabolites

Metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)—hydroxylated PCBs (OH‑PCBs), chlorobenzyl alcohols (CB‑OHs), and chlorobenzaldehydes (CB‑CHOs)—were incubated in vitro with the extracellular liquid of Pleurotus ostreatus, which contains mainly laccase and low manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) activity. The enzymes were able to decrease the amount of most of the tested OH‑PCBs by > 80% within 1 h; the removal of more recalcitrant OH‑PCBs was greatly enhanced by the addition of the laccase mediator syringaldehyde. Conversely, glutathione substantially hindered the reaction, suggesting that it acted as a laccase inhibitor. Hydroxylated dibenzofuran and chlorobenzoic acid were identified as transformation products of OH‑PCBs. The extracellular enzymes also oxidized the CB‑OHs to the corresponding CB‑CHOs on the order of hours to days; however, the mediated and nonmediated setups exhibited only slight differences, and the participating enzymes could not be determined. When CB‑CHOs were used as the substrates, only partial transformation was observed. In an additional experiment, the extracellular liquid of Irpex lacteus, which contains predominantly MnP, was able to efficiently transform CB‑CHOs with the aid of glutathione; mono‑ and di-chloroacetophenones were detected as transformation products. These results demonstrate that extracellular enzymes of ligninolytic fungi can act on a wide range of PCB metabolites, emphasizing their potential for bioremediation.

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Comparative Genomics of Xanthomonaseuroxanthea and Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis Strains Isolated from a Single Walnut Host Tree

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9030624 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 624

Author(s):

Camila Fernandes ◽

Leonor Martins ◽

Miguel Teixeira ◽

Jochen Blom ◽

Joël F. Pothier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Enzymes ◽

Walnut Tree ◽

Size Number ◽

A Genome ◽

Type 3 Secretion System ◽

Xanthomonas Arboricola ◽

Chromosomal Sequences ◽

Related Proteins ◽

Type 3 ◽

Genome Comparisons

The recent report of distinct Xanthomonas lineages of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis and Xanthomonas euroxanthea within the same walnut tree revealed that this consortium of walnut-associated Xanthomonas includes both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. As the implications of this co-colonization are still poorly understood, in order to unveil niche-specific adaptations, the genomes of three X. euroxanthea strains (CPBF 367, CPBF 424T, and CPBF 426) and of an X. arboricola pv. juglandis strain (CPBF 427) isolated from a single walnut tree in Loures (Portugal) were sequenced with two different technologies, Illumina and Nanopore, to provide consistent single scaffold chromosomal sequences. General genomic features showed that CPBF 427 has a genome similar to other X. arboricola pv. juglandis strains, regarding its size, number, and content of CDSs, while X. euroxanthea strains show a reduction regarding these features comparatively to X. arboricola pv. juglandis strains. Whole genome comparisons revealed remarkable genomic differences between X. arboricola pv. juglandis and X. euroxanthea strains, which translates into different pathogenicity and virulence features, namely regarding type 3 secretion system and its effectors and other secretory systems, chemotaxis-related proteins, and extracellular enzymes. Altogether, the distinct genomic repertoire of X. euroxanthea may be particularly useful to address pathogenicity emergence and evolution in walnut-associated Xanthomonas.

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