Part V The Scope of Refugee Protection, Ch.35 UNRWA and Palestine Refugees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Susan M
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Near East ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Humanitarian Relief ◽  
The West ◽  
Palestinian Refugees ◽  
Refugee Protection ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter studies the relationship between Palestinian refugees and the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). UNRWA’s role is to provide humanitarian ‘relief’ and to provide economic opportunities—‘works’—for refugees in the areas of major displacement: the West Bank, Gaza, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon. Initially, the definition of Palestine refugee for UNRWA’s purposes was a sub-category of the United Nations Conciliation Commission on Palestine definition for purposes of relief provision, but it also included other categories of persons displaced from later conflicts. Following the passage of the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, the General Assembly authorized UNHCR to include stateless persons within its mandate. The Arab host States do not recognize Palestinians as falling under the international legal definitions of ‘refugees’ or ‘stateless persons’, however, and have refused to accept any UNHCR involvement vis-à-vis Palestinians in the UNRWA areas. The effect of these provisions is that Palestinians are excluded from UNHCR’s protection mandate in UNRWA areas, and since UNRWA has no durable solutions mandate, Palestinians have no access to durable solutions either as refugees or as stateless persons in UNRWA fields.

Palestine at the UN: The PLO and UNRWA in the 1970s

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Irfan
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Near East ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Palestine Liberation Organization ◽  
Palestinian Refugees ◽  
Palestinian Refugee ◽  
International Issue ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the relationship of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) during the 1970s, the period when the PLO reached the zenith of its power in Palestinian refugee camps throughout the Levant. Based on archival United Nations (UN) and UNRWA documents, as well as the PLO's own communications and publications, the article argues that the organization approached its relationship with UNRWA as part of a broader strategy to gain international legitimacy at the UN. That approach resulted in a complex set of tensions, specifically over which of the two institutions truly served and represented Palestinian refugees. In exploring these tensions, this article also demonstrates how the “question of Palestine” was in many ways an international issue.

Part Three Protection and Solutions, VIII The Quest for Durable Solutions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albanese Francesca P ◽  
Takkenberg Lex
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
United Nations ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Palestinian Refugees ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Peace Initiatives ◽  
Bilateral Approach ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Palestinian Refugee ◽  
The United Nations

This concluding chapter focuses on the quest for just and durable solutions, exploring the challenges and opportunities that have emerged through the various attempts at resolving the Palestinian refugee question. Solutions for Palestinian refugees have been sought since May of 1948. The work of the General Assembly; the UN Mediator for Palestine; the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine (UNCCP); the Security Council in the aftermath of the Six Day War; the various peace initiatives and negotiations since the Madrid peace conference in 1991, have all included attempts to find solutions to the plight of the refugees. However, decades of Arab–Israel and Israeli–Palestinian peace efforts have not succeeded in bringing a resolution of the Palestinian refugee issue within reach. The chapter argues that a fundamental paradigm shift is necessary to advance solutions for Palestinian refugees. Moving the question from the essentially bilateral approach of the last decades back to the multilateral arena of the United Nations; ensuring respect for the international law governing the resolution of refugee problems, as informed by international practice; and moving beyond the ‘politics of suffering’ that dominate the Palestinian refugee discourse are key elements to progress towards just and durable solutions for Palestinian refugees. The New York Declaration on Refugees and Migrants, which called for the development of a Global Compact on Refugees, offers an opportunity to pursue solutions for Palestinian refugees.

High Commitment Work Systems in Chinese Organizations: A Preliminary Measure

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixing Xiao ◽  
Ingmar Björkman
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
It Industry ◽  
The West ◽  
Work Systems ◽  
Work System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of a high commitment work system (HCWS) has mostly been used in the West to study the relationship between a firm's work systems and organizational performance. In this paper, we introduce a preliminary measure of HCWS in China based on the definition of Baron and Kreps (1999). In study 1, we tested the measure by surveying 442 employees in China's information technology (IT) industry. In study 2, we re-tested the same measure from the perspective of human resource (HR) executives in 126 foreign-invested companies. The analyses not only provided some evidence for the construct validity of this preliminary measure of a high commitment work system, but also produced some interesting results that can only be understood with regards to the history and institutional backgrounds of Chinese organizations.

Part I International Refugee Law— Reflections on the Scholarly Field, Ch.8 The Intersection of International Refugee Law and International Statelessness Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
van Waas Laura
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Forced Displacement ◽  
Refugee Protection ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
International Refugee Law ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Stateless Person

This chapter focuses on the intersection of international refugee law and international statelessness law. While refugee law, policy, doctrine, and research evolved, it was not until after the turn of the twenty-first century that international statelessness law started to draw much attention and to begin to emerge as a field of its own. As global interest in statelessness grows, the interaction between statelessness and forced displacement has also come back under the spotlight. Thus, the chapter provides an insight into the relationship between statelessness and forced displacement. It starts by unpacking how statelessness can manifest itself as a cause or consequence of displacement, as well as how statelessness can be a complicating factor for refugee protection and durable solutions. The chapter then offers a brief overview of key norms relating to the protection of stateless persons and the prevention and resolution of statelessness, setting out the contours of international statelessness law. It also looks at the implications of the statelessness–displacement nexus by exploring the conceptual and practical questions that arise when a refugee is also stateless, and when a stateless person is also a refugee.

Global Ideological Conflict

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-40
Author(s):  
Erik Voeten
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Policy Positions ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
Government Ideology ◽  
Institutional Politics ◽  
Ideal Points ◽  
United Nations General Assembly ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter discusses the definition of institutions and then of ideology. Ideology is a set of widely understood more or less cohesive and stable ideas about how a set of issues should be resolved and who should resolve them. It is a vehicle not just for spreading values but also for transmitting information. This information is especially valuable in contexts where actors care deeply about the future intentions of others, including international institutional politics. The chapter then assesses how this definition differs from other treatments in the international relations literature, how ideology constrains policy positions, and what global ideological debates are about. It also outlines an approach to estimate the ideological positions of states from votes in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). It evaluates the validity of this measure. For example, changes in UNGA ideal points correlate strongly with various indicators of liberalism: such as changes in government ideology, regime type, and capital openness.

Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Palestinian Territories Occupied Since 1967, U.N. Doc. A/71/554

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-351
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
United Nations ◽  
West Bank ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Special Rapporteur ◽  
The West ◽  
First Report ◽  
Palestinian Territories ◽  
East Jerusalem

Summary The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, hereby submits his first report to the General Assembly. The report is based primarily on information provided by victims, witnesses, civil society representatives, United Nations representatives and Palestinian officials in Amman, in connection with the mission of the Special Rapporteur to the region in July 2016. The report addresses a number of concerns pertaining to the situation of human rights in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and in Gaza.

Bureaucrats, Businessmen and Bananas: The Colonial Office and Shipping Services in the West Indies, 1895-1925

1992 ◽  
pp. 73-96
Author(s):  
Robert G. Greenhill
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
The West ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Colonial Office

The interplay between the Colonial Office and British businessmen around the turn of the last century forms the background of this essay. Although the subject has been well-documented in a number of scholarly books and articles, we still lack an unambiguous definition of the relationship. Wide interpretations are still possible on the limits and the extent of the influence exercised by both officials and entrepreneurs. On the one hand, it is argued that the Colonial Office “had an instinctive dislike of government intervention in economic activity.”...

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