Part II History, Ch.4 International Organizations, 1865–1945

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herren Madeleine
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
World Market ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Transnational Movements ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
System P ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Nations System

This chapter traces the development of international organizations (IOs) from 1865–1945. It begins with the take-off period of the 1860s, when IOs began to shape access to the world market and the formation of transnational movements. It then elaborates on the ideological framework IOs were based on. Developed in the nineteenth century, the contemporary concept of internationalism served as an umbrella term that enumerated and linked different transnational movements. Within this ideological context, IOs became part of an increasingly connected world that gained visibility in international conferences, world's fairs and the activities of an international civil society. After World War I, the function and importance of IOs changed dramatically. The remainder of the chapter discusses the League of Nations as the first supranational body and forerunner of today's United Nations (UN); the influence of war and political crises on IOs; and the historicity of IOs and the conditions that influenced the creation of today's United Nations system.

The Competence of the International Labor Organization Under the United Nations System

1951 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Sulkowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
World War I ◽  
United Nations ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
International Labor ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Nations System

The International Labor Organization (hereafter referred to as the ILO) was established by the peace treaties concluded at the close of World War I as an autonomous part of the League of Nations for the purpose of promoting social justice.

scholarly journals The Increasing Representativeness of International Organizations’ Secretariats: Evidence from the United Nations System, 1997–2015

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Parizek ◽  
Matthew D Stephen
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
Institutional Control ◽  
Normative Pressure ◽  
Shared Interest ◽  
Staffing Patterns ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Nations System ◽  
Global Population

Abstract Although international organizations (IOs) and their secretariats play important roles in international politics, we know surprisingly little about their staffing composition and the factors that shape it. What accounts for the national composition of the secretariats of IOs? We theorize that the national composition of international secretariats is shaped by three factors: the desire by powerful states for institutional control, a commonly shared interest in a secretariat's functional effectiveness, and, increasingly, a need for secretariats to be seen as legitimate by being representative of the global population. Building on recent constructivist literature, we argue that IOs face increasing normative pressure to be representative in their staffing patterns. Using panel regression, we assess our argument with a new dataset covering states’ representation in the secretariats of thirty-five United Nations system bodies from 1997 to 2015. The results indicate that while functional effectiveness plays a significant and stable role, international secretariats have become increasingly representative of the global population. Moreover, this has come primarily at the expense of the over-representation of powerful states. This shift from power to representation is particularly strong in large IOs with high political and societal visibility. When it comes to IO secretariats, representativeness (increasingly) matters.

1. The best hope of mankind? A brief history of the UN

2015 ◽  
pp. 8-25
Author(s):  
Jussi M. Hanhimäki
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
International Peace ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The United Nations

The International Peace Conference in 1899 established the Permanent Court of Arbitration as the first medium for international disputes, but it was the League of Nations, established in 1919 after World War I, which formed the framework of the system of international organizations seen today. The United Nations was created to manage the world's transformation in the aftermath of World War II. ‘The best hope of mankind? A brief history of the UN’ shows how the UN has grown from the 51 nations that signed the UN Charter in 1945 to 193 nations in 2015. The UN's first seven decades have seen many challenges with a mixture of success and failure.

Determining the impact of knowledge sharing initiatives in international organizations: Case studies

IFLA Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Linda Stoddart
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Senior Management ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nations System

No one disputes that knowledge is the lifeblood of international organizations and especially specialized agencies of the United Nations. However, there has been little consensus on the best methods to share knowledge, leverage the extensive international expertise and make it available to the constituents and partners of these organizations. What is their strategy for managing knowledge? Do they have one? What impact does it have? What is the role of senior management in championing knowledge sharing in these international organizations? These are the questions this paper addresses through the lenses of the evaluations of current knowledge sharing practices in two institutions located in Geneva, Switzerland, both part of the United Nations system.

International Penal and Penitentiary Commission

1950 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-544
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Recent Meeting ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Prevention Of Crime ◽  
Nations System

First established at the International Penitentiary Congress of London in 1872, the International Penal and Penitentiary Commission was organized as it now exists by constitutional regulations adopted in 1880, confirmed in 1886, and revised in 1926, 1929, 1946 and 1948. Eleven international congresses have been convened, the last in Berlin in 1935; and the commission held its most recent meeting in Bern in August of 1949. The commission took as its terms of reference responsibility for promoting exchanges of views among expert penologists of all countries in order to develop standards and advise as to the development of progressive methods of preventing crime and treating offenders: The expenses for 1949 were estimated at 121,400 Swiss francs ($28,365), payable by the members at a ratio of 170 Swiss francs ($39.64) per one million inhabitants. By a resolution of October 16, 1948, the commission and other major international organizations concerned with the prevention of crime and treatment of offenders agreed on the various aspects of the field in which each would work and on cooperation with the United Nations. ILO, WHO, and UNESCO were among the specialized agencies which agreed to the resolution. A later resolution on cooperation with the United Nations, adopted by the commission in August 1949 was reviewed by ECOSOC which, in turn, requested the United Nations Secretary-General to coatinue consultations with IPPC with a view toward its integration in the United Nations system.

scholarly journals International bureaucracy and the United Nations system

2021 ◽  
pp. 002085232110387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svanhildur Thorvaldsdottir ◽  
Ronny Patz ◽  
Steffen Eckhard
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Second World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
International Bureaucracy ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Second World ◽  
Nations System

Built on the administrative system of the League of Nations, since the Second World War, the United Nations has grown into a sizeable, complex and multilevel system of several dozen international bureaucracies. Outside of a brief period in the 1980s, and despite growing scholarship on international public administrations over the past two decades, there have been few publications in the International Review of Administrative Sciences on the evolution of the United Nations system and its many public administrations. The special issue ‘International Bureaucracy and the United Nations System’ aims to encourage renewed scholarly focus on this global level of public administration. This introduction makes the case for why studying the United Nations’ bureaucracies matters from a public administration perspective, takes stock of key literature and discusses how the seven articles contribute to key substantive and methodological advancements in studying the administrations of the United Nations system.

Global Economic and Social Governance and the United Nations System

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Ocampo
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Present System ◽  
Social Governance ◽  
Social Council ◽  
System P ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Management Capabilities ◽  
Nations System ◽  
Over Time

This chapter considers the objectives of transnational economic and social governance and the system designed, initially in 1945, to advance these objectives. Despite evolving over seven decades in response to growing global economic interconnectedness and the need for expanded management capabilities, the system for global economic and social governance, anchored within the United Nations, falls woefully short in promoting a vision and practical policies for achieving “just security,” as introduced in this volume. The chapter proposes a remedy for the inadequacies in the present system by tackling head-on issues of effectiveness, representativeness, and legitimacy, including through the creation of a new Global Economic Coordination Council (that, over time, absorbs the current functions and mandate of the G20) and specific UN Economic and Social Council reforms.

Introduction: Budgeting in the UN System

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ronny Patz ◽  
Klaus H. Goetz
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Voluntary Contributions ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
System P ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Nations System

This chapter introduces the main debates that this book contributes to and outlines how various disciplines—Public Administration and International Relations, Public Policy and Political Economy—look at budgeting, and, in particular, how these relate to the changing system of international cooperation and of international organizations. Scholars and practitioners alike question how far states still come together in today’s IOs to prioritize solutions for global challenges and whether states are able to provide sufficient and reliable resources for IOs to address these matters. Nowhere is this as visible as in budgeting dynamics of IOs. This is evidenced in the shifts that United Nations system budgeting has faced for more than seven decades, most notably the change to the increased importance of earmarked voluntary contributions in the financing of present-day UN organizations.

scholarly journals The Politics of LGBQTI Human Rights in the United Nations System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic McGoldrick
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
System P ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Nations System

The United Nations system has been a major global site of political and legal contestation for LGBTQI human rights. However, the lack of consensus has led to major divisions within the UN’s political institutions. The independent human rights institutions that do exist within the UN system have been more progressive in advancing LGBTQI issues.

United States Attitude Toward Domestic Jurisdiction in the United Nations

1959 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37
Author(s):  
M. S. Rajan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
Domestic Jurisdiction ◽  
The Subject

The United States has played a dominant role in the establishment of international organizations since World War I, especially with respect to the League of Nations and the UN. However, the United States is also largely responsible for some vital limitations on the functioning of these organizations. One, perhaps the most important, is the subject of this study.

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