scholarly journals Illuminated Caxtons and the Trade in Printed Books

The Library ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-315
Author(s):  
Holly James-Maddocks
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Book Selling ◽  
Golden Legend ◽  
Selling Strategies ◽  
Early English

Abstract This article suggests that the illuminated initials and borderwork added to ten early printed books in England are attributable to a single illuminator, the ‘Incunables Limner’, an individual for whom there is circumstantial evidence that he specialized in the illumination of printed books. Five of these books are copies of William Caxton’s Golden Legend (Westminster, 1483–84), while the other five are Continental imprints (two from Strasbourg, and one from each of Basel, Verona, and Parma) printed between 1476 and 1484. In addition, a second illuminator can be identified in a sixth copy of Caxton’s Golden Legend, working to the same design as that employed within the five copies decorated by the Incunables Limner. The possibility is considered that books illuminated by the Incunables Limner were products of Caxton’s overseas trade, and that it was through acting in this capacity that the artist’s specialization was viable. The Continental books are explored for what they might imply about Caxton’s wider book-selling strategies, and three with evidence for early English ownership are selected for particular attention.

The Tradition of Religious Books (Kitabs) Printing: Case Study of the Production and Reproduction of Religious Books (Kitabs) in Cianjur and Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-320
Author(s):  
Asep Saefullah
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Screen Printing ◽  
The Other ◽  
West Java ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Original Essays ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Religious Books ◽  
Living Tradition

Tulisan ini membahas fenomena penyebaran kitab-kitab cetak keaga­maan di Jawa Barat, khususnya di Sukabumi dan Cianjur. Jenis kitab ini biasanya menggunakan tulisan Arab dengan bahasa Sunda dan menggu­nakan aksara Pegon. Kitab-kitab cetak dari jenis-jenis itu diproduksi dan direproduksi, dan masih digunakan sampai hari ini. Oleh karena itu, fenomena ini dapat disebut sebagai “living tradition”. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melacak dan merekam kitab-kitab yang diproduksi (disalin atau dikarang) dan direproduksi (dicetak atau digandakan) dengan metode seder­hana, yakni fotocopi dan pencetakan tradisional seperti stensil, sablon, dan "cetak toko". Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memetakan dan merevisi kategorisasi kitab-kitab tersebut dari kajian terdahulu berdasarkan jenis karya, seperti karangan asli, tuqilan, terjemahan, syarḥ (penjelasan), khulasah (ringkasan) yang lain, dan juga berdasarkan bahasa dan aksara yang digunakan. Selain itu, tulisan ini juga mengamati lembaga-lembaga atau individu-individu yang masih mereproduksi buku-buku (kitab-kitab) keagamaan sederhana seperti perusahaan percetakan atau pesantren yang menerbitkan kitab-kitab tersebut. Pada akhir artikel ini, ada beberapa saran dalam upaya untuk melestarikan kitab-kitab cetak dan karya-karya tersebut.Kata kunci: kitab, jenis karya, pencetakan tradisional, Sunda, Pegon, Jawa Barat This paper discusses the phenomenon of the spreading of religious printed books (kitabs) in West Java, especially in Sukabumi and Cianjur, which are characterized by the use of Arabic writing in Sundanese (or known as Pegon script). The printed books (Kitabs) of those types are produced and reproduced, and are still used to this day. Therefore, this phenomenon can be called as a “living tradition”. Data collection was conducted by tracing and recording religious books (kitabs) that are pro-duced (rewritten or compossed) and reproduced (printed or duplicated) with a simple method, known as photocopying and traditional printing such as stencils, screen printing, and “shop printing”. This paper aims to map and revise the categorization of these Kitabs from previous studies based on the types of works including original essays, tuqilan (quotations), translation, sharh (explanation), khulaṣah (summary), or the other, and also based on the language and the script used. In addition, this paper also observes the institutions or individuals that are still reproducing these printed religious books such as the printing company or pesantren that publish such kitabs. At the end of this article, there are some suggestions in attempts to preserve those printed kitabs and the works.Keywords: Kitabs, type of work, traditional printing, Sunda, Pegon, West Java

Isoglosses and language change: Evidence of the rise and loss of isoglosses from a comparison of early Greek and early English

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-575
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Lavidas
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Considerable Distance ◽  
Causative Constructions ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Structural Ambiguity ◽  
Early English ◽  
Aspectual Verbs

Abstract We analyze the rise and loss of isoglosses in two Indo-European languages, early Greek and early English, which, however, show considerable distance between their structures in many other domains. We follow Keidan’s approach (2013), that has drawn the attention on the fact that the study of isoglosses (i.e., linguistic features common to two or more languages) is connected with common innovations of particular languages after the split into sub-groups of Indo-European: this type of approach aims at collecting isoglosses that appear across the branches of Indo-European. We examine the rise of the isogloss of labile verbs and the loss of the isogloss of the two classes of aspectual verbs in early Greek and early English. Our study shows that the rise of labile verbs in both languages is related to the innovative use of intransitives in causative constructions. On the other hand, the innovations in voice morphology follow different directions in Greek and English and are unrelated to the rise of labile verbs. In contrast to labile verbs, which are still predominant for causative-anticausative constructions in both languages, the two classes of aspectual verbs are lost in the later stages of Greek but are predominant even in Present-day English. Again, a “prerequisite” change for the isogloss can be easily located in a structural ambiguity that is relevant for aspectual verbs in early Greek and early English. However, another independent development, the changes in verbal complementation (the development of infinitival and participial complements) in Greek and English, determined the loss of this isogloss.

‘HOW HARD AN ENTERPRISE IT IS’: AUTHORIAL SELF-FASHIONING IN JOHN DOWLAND’S PRINTED BOOKS

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 43-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Title Page ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artistic Creation ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
The One ◽  
Intellectual Activities ◽  
Modern Sense

The naming of John Dowland as ‘Author’ on the title page of his publication The First Booke of Songes or Ayres (1597) suggests a proprietary relationship between the composer and his work. This proprietary relationship is, perhaps, reinforced with the alignment of Dowland’s intellectual activities as ‘author’ with the notions of ‘composition’ and ‘invention’ in the same passage. All three terms could be used by the late sixteenth century to refer to notions of creativity, individual intellectual labour or origination. While many early examples of the use of ‘author’ refer specifically to God or Christ as creator, such as Chaucer’s declaration that ‘The auctour of matrimonye is Christ’, by the sixteenth century it was increasingly used to refer to an individual originator of intellectual or artistic creation closer to the modern sense of the word. Its sixteenth-century usage is, for instance, reflected in the title ‘A tretys, excerpte of diverse labores of auctores’, or as in a reference in 1509 to ‘The noble actor plinius’. Likewise, ‘invent’ or ‘inventor’ could be used to refer to the process of individual intellectual creation, exemplified by its use in 1576 ‘Your brain or your wit, and your pen, the one to invent and devise, the other to write’, while ‘compose’ could mean to make, to compose in words, ‘to write as author’ or, more specifically, to write music.

scholarly journals To Publish, Make Known and Sell or Promoting Printed Books in the Incunabula Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-356
Author(s):  
Lucia Lichnerová
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Book Production ◽  
Book Market ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The One

The study To Publish, Make Known and Sell is based on verified existence of competition tensions between the 15th century typographers/publishers, related to the absence of functional regulatory tools of book production of the incunabula period. The increase in the number of book-printers within the relatively narrow geographical area, disregard of publishers’ privileges, the emergence of pirated reprints, as well as insufficient self-promotion on the book market through introducing novelties had concentrated typographers’ attention on devising new tools of securing their triumph in publisher’s competition – the so called book advertisements. The author has analysed 44 promotional posters of the incunabula period from several points of view and attempted to identify their design elements, which on the one hand showed signs of certain standardization, while on the other hand they were subject to personal creativity of their creator. She gives detailed overview of the circumstances of the origin, typographic design and contents of book advertisements of several kinds within the context of promoting either the existing or planned editions, of one edition or a group of books; specifically focusing on the unique types of advertising. In conclusion, the author cites the circumstances of the extinction of book advertisements related to the rise of the new promotional tool – booksellers’ catalogue and submits a bibliography of the book advertisements dating from the 15th century.

scholarly journals „Praca jest czasochłonna, monotonna i nie przynosi konkretnych rezultatów” – nasłuch wywiadowczy Stasi w PRL w latach 1980–1981 na tle współpracy MSW i MfS

2011 ◽  
pp. 110-127
Author(s):  
Tytus Jaskułowski
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
Radio Electronic ◽  
Intelligence Operations ◽  
Electronic Intelligence ◽  
Competent Staff

The text attempts to analyse the GDR Ministry of State Security’s offensive operations using the instruments of radio-electronic intelligence against the PPR in 1981. The situation in Poland, the emergence of Solidarność and possible, uncontrolled spreading of a wave of democratisation onto the East Germany’s territory as well, drove the leaders of the latter state to undertake actions aimed at ensuring it access to information on the on-going situation in the PRP. Apart from the data obtained officially, they also intended to resort to independent methods for its acquisition, most of all by employing the secret services. The author focuses on just one aspects of such operations, that is, radio-electronic intelligence. Apart from describing the structure and the working methods of the MfS’ III Directorate responsible for this type of reconnaissance, he presents the guidelines received by this organisation, its modus operandi and forms of work both on the territory of the GDR and the PPR, as well as on that of the other states. He also points to the effects and all the problems resulting from implementing intelligence operations, including those in the context of official co-operation between the secret services of the PPR and GDR. According to the author, the manner of carrying out offensive MfS operations by radio-electronic intelligence allows for a certain scepticism with regard to the thesis that the GDR services had unlimited opportunities to work in Poland. Based on the available archive sources, the observation that the MfS found it difficult to process and apply information obtained as a result of the services’ operations, is warranted. The shortage of competent staff can be clearly seen and not all the available technical instruments could perform their role. What was also important was the lack of understanding at the MfS of the different philosophy of life in the PPR, which determined the reception of its image obtained from the monitoring in place. Moreover, archive searches provide circumstantial evidence indicating that the Polish counter-intelligence was aware of what type of operations were being carried out by the GDR against Poland. The need for co-operation between the MfS and the MSW in the context of the radio-electronic intelligence against other states, as well as the awareness of the risk related to the possible discovery of illegal radio-electronic operations, led to their closing down. This failed, however, to change the belief that the fundamental operating principles of the secret services are to distrust one’s partners and to protect one’s own interests.

scholarly journals Being Easy to Communicate Might Make Verdicts Based on Confessions More Legitimate

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 203-225
Author(s):  
Hugo Mercier ◽  
Anne-Sophie Hacquin ◽  
Nicolas Claidière
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Common Variant ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Criminal Conviction ◽  
Transmission Process ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Judicial Systems

Abstract In many judicial systems, confessions are a requirement for criminal conviction. Even if confessions are intrinsically convincing, this might not entirely explain why they play such a paramount role. In addition, it has been suggested that confessions owe their importance to their legitimizing role, explaining why they could be required even when other evidence has convinced a judge. But why would confessions be particularly suited to justify verdicts? One possibility is that they can be more easily transmitted from one individual to the next, and thus spread in the population without losing their convincingness. 360 English-speaking participants were asked to evaluate the convincingness of one of three justifications for a verdict, grounded either in a confession, eyewitnesses, or circumstantial evidence, and to pass on that justification to another participant, who performed the same task. Then, 240 English-speaking participants evaluated the convincingness of some of the justifications produced by the first group of participants. Compared to the other justifications, justifications based on confessions lost less of their convincingness in the transmission process (small to medium effect sizes). Modeling pointed to the most common forms the justifications would take as they are transmitted, and results showed that the most common variant of the justification based on a confession was more convincing (small to medium effect sizes).

WEAVING WITH WORDS: VENANTIUS FORTUNATUS'S FIGURATIVE ACROSTICS ON THE HOLY CROSS

Traditio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 27-53
Author(s):  
BRIAN BRENNAN
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Public Display ◽  
New Interpretation

Within the collected works of Venantius Fortunatus, the sixth-century Latin poet who wrote verse for kings, royal officials, bishops, and nuns in Frankish Gaul, there are found three acrostic poems. One, on the themes of captivity and release (5.6) is accompanied by a prose letter (5.6a) in which the poet discusses his methods in composing this work, which he intended for decorative display on a wall. The other two acrostics are written on the theme of the Holy Cross (2.4; 2.5). This paper, which offers a new interpretation of the figurative acrostics on the Holy Cross, begins first by examining the compositional strategies discussed by Fortunatus in 5.6a and his use there of the extended metaphor of weaving for the composition of acrostic poetry. The paper then moves to a wider discussion of weaving as a metaphor in Fortunatus's poetry before exploring how the poet played with metaphors and materiality, particularly in those instances when he was writing verse intended to be actually placed on material objects or sent with them. It finally goes on to argue, on the basis of indications within the acrostic poems on the Holy Cross themselves and much circumstantial evidence external to them, that these poems (2.4; 2.5) were written for public display in the chapel of the Holy Cross convent at Poitiers. It argues that these acrostics were most probably intended as textile designs for church vela or “hangings.”

Effects of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., on the distribution of some native fishes in three areas of southern Victoria

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Jackson ◽  
WD Williams
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
The Other ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Native Fish ◽  
Introduced Fish ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Native Fishes ◽  
Yarra River

Eight species of native fish and two of introduced fish were found during studies of the distribution of fishes in streams in three areas of southern Victoria; namely in the upper part of the catchment of the Yarra River, in the Otway Ranges, and on Wilsons Promontory. S. trutta does not occur on Wilsons Promontory, but does occur in the other two areas. Results provide circumstantial evidence that S. trutta has deleteriously affected the occurrence of Galaxias olidus and possibly G. brevipinnis. Some native fishes appear able to coexist with S. trutta.

Studies on the behaviour of Trypanosoma evansi in tsetse-flies with special reference to its phylogeny

Parasitology ◽  
1940 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecil A. Hoare
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
The Other ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Morphological Similarity ◽  
Its Phylogeny ◽  
Subsequent Propagation ◽  
The One

In view of the morphological similarity of T. evansi and T. brucei, including the sporadic occurrence of marked polymorphism in the first-named species, the hypothesis is advanced that T. evansi may have originated from T. brucei, by the introduction of the last-named species into localities free of Glossina and its subsequent propagation by direct passages.The possibility of contact between the mammalian host of T. evansi, on the one hand, and Glossina and tsetse-borne trypanosomiases, on the other, is shown to exist in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, thus pointing to the source from which T. evansi in that country may have originated and providing circumstantial evidence in support of the hypothesis.Attempts were made to discover whether T. evansi is capable of developing in Glossina. A total of 568 flies were fed on infected mice and examined at periods from 6 hr. to a fortnight following the infective feed. The results were entirely negative: not only is the trypanosome incapable of establishing an infection in the fly, but the majority of flagellates perish and are digested during the first hours after ingestion by the insect.The behaviour of T. evansi in tsetse is shown to be similar to that of non-transmissible strains of trypanosomes of the Brucei group after prolonged maintenance by direct passages in the mammalian hosts, and is therefore also in keeping with the hypothesis.

An unknown English Benedictine gradual of the eleventh century

1975 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Hartzell
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Music ◽  
Early English ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Polyphonic Music

The most famous manuscripts with music of the early Middle Ages in England are the Winchester ‘Tropers’ at Oxford and Cambridge. More has been written about them than about all the lesser known sources put together, and it is right that this should have been so, for the troper at Cambridge preserves one of the oldest repertories of polyphonic music while the other, the so-called ‘Æthelred troper’, has provided generations of scholars with the task of establishing its relationship to the other manuscript. This activity has resulted in a high degree of clarification, but the Winchester ‘Tropers’ are not the whole of early English medieval music – even though a study of their combined trope repertories would be a welcome contribution – and we must begin to turn our attention to other sources of the period.

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