ALIEN SPECIES OF FISH HELMINTHS OF BELARUS

The article provides data on the species composition of alien helminth species, which infest introduced fish species in pond fish farms, and also the literature data on natural reservoirs of Belarus. Seven alien helminth species have been revealed in introduced fish in reservoirs of Belarus ( Khawia sinensis Hsü, 1935, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) , Caryophyllaeus fimbriceps Annenkova-Chlopina, 1919, Philometroides cyprini (Ishii, 1931), Dactylogyrus dulkeiti Bychowsky, 1936, Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze, 1782) , Anguillicola crassus Kuwahara 1974). All species of helminths excluding the nematode A.crassus and the cestode B.claviceps - parasites of the eels Anguilla anguilla , were introduced to Belarus with the seeding of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Far East. The invasive species of helminths ( K. sinensis, S. acheilognathi, P. cyprini, A. crassus ), which affect fishery by causing the death of farmed fish, are singled out.

Checklist of endemic (Adrianichthyidae, Gobiidae, Zenarchopteridae) and introduced fish in Lake Poso, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Lake Poso is one of the ancient lakes in the world. This lake is known to have high diversity of endemic fish. Several exotic fish species have been introduced to increase the fisheries production in the lake. However, it is reported that the introduced fish is one of the causes of the threat of the existence of endemic fish in this lake. This study aimed to obtain the latest information on endemic (Adrianichthyidae, Gobiidae, and Zenarchopteridae), and introduced fish in Lake Poso. The research was carried out from May to July 2019 at 17 stations on the coast and rivers of Lake Poso. Fish were collected using a seine net, tray net, and hook and line. The results showed that there were 13 species of fish belonging to eight families and 11 genera. A total of six endemic fish species were still found in this study, namely Adrianichthys oophorus, Oryzias nebulosus, O. nigrimas, O. orthognathus, Mugilogobius sarasinorum, and Nomorhamphus celebensis. Seven species of introduced fish were found, namely Anabas testudineus, Aplocheilus panchax, Channa striata, flowerhorn (Cichlasoma sp.), Melanocromis auratus, Oreochromis niloticus, and Trichopodus trichopterus. Cichlids (flowerhorn, M. auratus, and O. niloticus) have the potential to be invasive due to their adaptability and ease of reproduction in Lake Poso. Conservation of the fish endemic to Lake Poso must be a serious concern for the government, academics, and the community. Ex-situ conservation can be a strategy to conserve the endemic fish of Lake Poso through controlled captivity.

Morphometric Character of Puntius binotatus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) Fish as the Sungi River Conservation Base of Tabanan Regency Bali

Puntius binotatus is a local fish whose population continues to decline because there is not much in cultivation. The introduction of this fish has a negative impact and affects species diversity. Introduced fish in common waters can threaten the presence of native fish due to the phenomenon of hybridization with endemic fish, habitat destruction, predation, and parasites. Invasive fish in rivers have the potential to urge endemic fish habitats so efforts are needed so that invasive fish do not cause local fish to go extinct. The purpose of this study was to study the Morphometric Character of Puntius binotatus (Pisces: Cyprinidae upstream, middle, and downstream of the river due to the process of adaptation to changes in the environment so that local species do not experience extinction because their habitat is disturbed. The difference in morphometric character in upstream, middle, and downstream is due to the adaptation process to environmental changes, namely water quality parameters that have exceeded the standard of quality standards upstream are temperature, ammonia pH, phosphate, and BOD5. In the middle of the parameters that exceed the standard of quality standards are temperature, pH, Ammonia, Phosphate, BOD5, and TSS and downstream, namely temperature, pH, Ammonia, phosphate, BOD5, COD, and TSS have exceeded the standard quality distribution of characters upstream, middle and downstream has a similarity of 75.6% which has similar shapes at all stations and has a close kinship by the form of four morphometric character clusters.

Host diet and parasitic helminth infections within native, established and introduced fish of Algonquin Park

Freshwater fish biodiversity loss has been attributed to many reasons, including invasive species infectious diseases. I examined 112 invasive Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris), 59 established Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu), and 60 native Pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) from 8 different lakes in Algonquin Park, ON, Canada to evaluate their endohelminth parasites. My results indicate that established and native fish are not only more likely to be infected with trophically-transmitted parasites such as cestodes (tapeworms) and acanthocephalans (thorny-headed worms) than invasive Rock Bass, but they also have a higher infection intensity and greater diversity of endohelminths. There was also a significant difference between the three fish species with respect to non-trophically transmitted larval trematodes (flatworms), which reflect the habitat of fish. Along with host size, I examined fish diet and habitat use to demonstrate how the ecology of different species influences their probability of infection, parasite communities, and possible ease of establishment in novel environments.

Host diet and parasitic helminth infections within native, established and introduced fish of Algonquin Park

Freshwater fish biodiversity loss has been attributed to many reasons, including invasive species infectious diseases. I examined 112 invasive Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris), 59 established Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu), and 60 native Pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) from 8 different lakes in Algonquin Park, ON, Canada to evaluate their endohelminth parasites. My results indicate that established and native fish are not only more likely to be infected with trophically-transmitted parasites such as cestodes (tapeworms) and acanthocephalans (thorny-headed worms) than invasive Rock Bass, but they also have a higher infection intensity and greater diversity of endohelminths. There was also a significant difference between the three fish species with respect to non-trophically transmitted larval trematodes (flatworms), which reflect the habitat of fish. Along with host size, I examined fish diet and habitat use to demonstrate how the ecology of different species influences their probability of infection, parasite communities, and possible ease of establishment in novel environments.

Uncovering the hidden bacterial ghost communities of yeast and experimental evidences demonstrates yeast as thriving hub for bacteria

Our major concern was to address “yeast endobacteria” which was based on a few reports in the recent past where bacteria may find yeast as a niche for survival. In this study, we report the microbiota of twenty-nine axenic yeast cultures recovered from different habitats based on their 16S rRNA gene-amplicon metagenomes. Yeasts were identified based on D1/D2 or ITS gene sequences. Bacterial diversity was widespread, varied and rich among all yeasts except for four strains. Taxa belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes and the genera; Streptococcus, Propionibacterium were common to all the yeasts. Candida tropicalis was used as a model organism to confirm bacteria through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), isolating and re-introducing the isolated bacteria into the yeast. FISH analysis confirmed the endobacteria of C. tropicalis and we have successfully isolated four bacteria only after lysis and disruption of yeast cells. These bacteria were identified as species of Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium, Lysinibacillus and Propionibacterium. Guestimates indicate 95% of bacterial species of C. tropicalis are yet-to-be-cultivated. We have successfully reintroduced mCherry tagged Pseudomonas into C. tropicalis. Also, auto-fluorescent Prochlorococcus and Rhodopseudomonas could be introduced into C. tropicalis while mCherry tagged E. coli or Salmonella could not be introduced. FISH analysis confirmed the presence of both native and infected bacterial cells present in C. tropicalis. Our findings unveil the insights into the ghost microbiota associated with yeast, which otherwise are considered to be axenic cultures. Their inherent occurrence, together with co-cultivation experiments under laboratory conditions suggests that yeasts are a thriving hub for bacterial communities.

Potential distribution in Colombia of the introduced fish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae) and implications for endangered local fish

Introducción: Una de las grandes amenazas a los ecosistemas acuáticos es la introducción de especies foráneas en los ambientes naturales, lo que representa una de las principales causas de pérdida de biodiversidad en el mundo. P. hypophthalmus es una especie introducida en Colombia que comparte características de vida y hábitat con especies nativas como A. pardalis, S. cuspicaudus y P. magdaleniatum, sin embargo, su distribución es poco conocida y los efectos que tiene sobre la fauna nativa son poco explorados. Objetivos: Evaluar el potencial invasivo de P. hypophthalmus en algunas de las cuencas de la vertiente al Mar Caribe. Métodos: Utilizando registros disponibles en bases de datos, realizamos un análisis de conservadurismo de nicho entre el rango nativo e introducido de P. hypophthalmus en el programa Ecospat. Posteriormente, el área potencial de invasión de la especie no nativa y las áreas de distribución de las tres especies nativas se modelaron utilizando el algoritmo de Maxent en el programa R. Finalmente, se realizó una sobreposición de nicho geográfico entre el área de invasión potencial de la especie no nativa y el área de distribución de las especies nativas. Resultados: El análisis espacial de nicho indica que la especie no nativa presenta conservadurismo de nicho, por lo que la proyección de MNE para estimar el área de invasión es posible. Los MNE demuestran las cuatro especies analizadas prefieren zonas bajas y poco rocosas. Finalmente, la sobreposición geográfica de los nichos ecológicos de las tres especies nativas y la especie introducida arrojan valores que superan el 80 %. Conclusiones: La especie P. hypophthalmus tiene las condiciones adecuadas en las cuencas de estudio para un establecimiento pleno, además, supone un alto riesgo para los ecosistemas acuáticos y la ictiofauna nativa siendo esto fundamental para implementar control de la especie.

The Diversity Of Fish Species In Inland Water Of Kampung (Village) Nasem In Merauke District

Wetland or stagnant swamp refers to an ecosystem of inland water that is vulnerable to population decline. Kampung Nasem in Merauke has quite promising fish resources. This research aimed to determine the diversity of fish species found in Kampung Nasem of Merauke. The fish sampling was performed for three months, from September to November 2017 at three research stations by functioning digital camera, ruler and manual as tools for documentation, while tool for fishing used gill net in the size of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 inches; casting nets and scoop net. Fish found in the field were preserved with 10% formalin for identification purpose in the laboratory. The observed biological parameters were species richness, diversity index (H’), evenness index (E) and dominance index (C). The research finding obtained 15 fish species richness coprising 11 native fish species and 5 introduced fish species. The value of H’ was classified into moderate while the uniformity value was high, hence the fish were spread evenly in each research site and no species was found with domination. In addition, the Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Glass (Agrammus ambassadors) were species to have sufficient widespread distribution and numerous presence of presentation within the three research stations.

Empowering Indigenous Farmers with Fish Farming on South Sumatra Peatlands

Forest and land fire is mentioned as a main problem of peatlands occurring every year and has provided huge losses for all parties. The research aimed how to empower indigenous farmers with fish farming on South Sumatra peatlands. This research was conducted on peatlands in Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) District. The sampling method was using cluster technique, questionnaire and through Focus Discussion Group (FDG). All collected data were analyzed with the SPSS version 21 program and the comparisons or analyzes the relationship between the variables were also analyzed. The research results concluded that the prospect of fish farming on peatlands is very prospecful. Empowering indigenous farmers can be done through local fish farming (e.g. fishes of gabus; tebakang; sepat siam; betok; gurami and toman), and introduced fish farming (i.e. fishes of patin siam; catfish, and nila). Fish farming technology for empowering farmers can be focused on drainage and irrigation systems to maintain groundwater levels; and applying soil ameliorant (e.g. dolomite for fish ponds, lime, manure, urea and NPK fertilizer).