ORBIT Outside the Room

ORBIT ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 136-165
Author(s):  
Laurence J. Alison ◽  
Geraldine Noone ◽  
Frances Surmon-Böhr ◽  
Neil D. Shortland ◽  
Emily K. Alison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Strength Of Evidence ◽  
Legal Advice ◽  
Police Interviews ◽  
Terrorist Organization ◽  
Criminal Background ◽  
Criminal Gang

This chapter is concerned with individual and social factors that may influence suspects’ decision-making during police interviews, as well as with the procedural and contextual landscape in which the interviews take place. The focus is on presenting descriptive data on a sample of 20 terrorist organization and organized criminal gang suspects and data regarding individual and contextual factors relating to each suspect in the sample. These factors include fear, status and relationship, criminal background, legal advice, strength of evidence, timing of arrest, type or circumstances of arrest or detention, and duration between offense and arrest. Using these outside-the-room factors as a framework, this chapter provides descriptive data on these factors as it pertained to the 20 suspects in the sample as well as data on the outcome of the process. The interviews with the suspects are also examined to identify and present instances of these factors arising in interactions between police interviewers and the suspects.

Segments Influencing Individual Investors Behavior And Their Investment Decision

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (9) ◽  
pp. 154-160
Author(s):  
Dr. Kartikey Koti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Individual Investors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Social ◽  
Karnataka State ◽  
Essential Idea

The essential idea of this assessment is investigate the social factors affecting particular theorists' decisions making limit at Indian Stock Markets. In the examination coordinated standard of direct is Classified subject to two estimations the first is Heuristic (Decision making) and the resulting one is prospect.. For the assessment coordinated the data used is basic natured which is assembled through a sorted out survey from 100 individual money related authorities based out in Hubli and Dharwad city, Karnataka State in India on an accommodating way. The respondents were both sex and overwhelming part male were 68% . These theorists were having a spot with the age bundle between35-45 which is 38%. These respondents have completed their graduation were around 56%. These respondents had work inclusion of 5 to 10 years which is 45% and the majority of which were used in government portion which is 56%. Their compensation was between 4 to 6 Lakh and were fit for placing assets into business areas. The money related experts were widely masterminded placing assets into different portfolios like 32% in Share market and 20 % in Fixed store. These examiners mode to known various endeavor streets were through News, family and allies.  

Evidence-Based Decision-Making (Part 1): Origins and Evolution in the Health Sciences

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Bradt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Evidence Based Medicine ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Clinical Expertise ◽  
Strength Of Evidence ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
Evidence Based Decision Making

AbstractEvidence is defined as data on which a judgment or conclusion may be based. In the early 1990s, medical clinicians pioneered evidence-based decision-making. The discipline emerged as the use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. The practice of evidence-based medicine required the integration of individual clinical expertise with the best available, external clinical evidence from systematic research and the patient's unique values and circumstances. In this context, evidence acquired a hierarchy of strength based upon the method of data acquisition.Subsequently, evidence-based decision-making expanded throughout the allied health field. In public health, and particularly for populations in crisis, three major data-gathering tools now dominate: (1) rapid health assessments; (2) population based surveys; and (3) disease surveillance. Unfortunately, the strength of evidence obtained by these tools is not easily measured by the grading scales of evidence-based medicine. This is complicated by the many purposes for which evidence can be applied in public health—strategic decision-making, program implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Different applications have different requirements for strength of evidence as well as different time frames for decision-making. Given the challenges of integrating data from multiple sources that are collected by different methods, public health experts have defined best available evidence as the use of all available sources used to provide relevant inputs for decision-making.

scholarly journals Mice are not automatons; subjective experience in premotor circuits guides behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew C. Schreiner ◽  
Christian Cazares ◽  
Rafael Renteria ◽  
Christina M Gremel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Checking Behavior ◽  
Corticostriatal Circuits

Subjective experience is a powerful driver of decision-making and continuously accrues. However, most neurobiological studies constrain analyses to task-related variables and ignore how continuously and individually experienced internal, temporal, and contextual factors influence adaptive behavior during decision-making and the associated neural mechanisms. We show mice rely on learned information about recent and longer-term subjective experience of variables above and beyond prior actions and reward, including checking behavior and the passage of time, to guide self-initiated, self-paced, and self-generated actions. These experiential variables were represented in secondary motor cortex (M2) activity and its projections into dorsal medial striatum (DMS). M2 integrated this information to bias strategy-level decision-making, and DMS projections used specific aspects of this recent experience to plan upcoming actions. This suggests diverse aspects of experience drive decision-making and its neural representation, and shows premotor corticostriatal circuits are crucial for using selective aspects of experiential information to guide adaptive behavior.

Identifying research priorities around psycho-cognitive and social factors for recovery from hip fractures: An international decision-making process

Injury ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1466-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Auais ◽  
Simon D. French ◽  
Lauren Beaupre ◽  
Lora Giangregorio ◽  
Jay Magaziner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hip Fractures ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Decision Making Process

Judges Versus Juries

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Saks ◽  
Barbara A. Spellman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Good News ◽  
Jury Decision Making ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Strength Of Evidence ◽  
Information Studies ◽  
Jury Decision

The rules of evidence that have evolved prevent lawyers from using the most powerful, yet the most informationally empty, techniques of persuasion. The rules compel litigators to fight their battles by presenting juries with information. Studies conducted on jury decision-making indicate that evidence—factual information about the events in dispute—is the most potent force driving the verdicts of trials. Studies show that judges and jurors would reach the same verdicts in four-fifths of trials; that similarity is because they are responding to the same information. Studies of differences among jurors in demographics, attitudes, personalities, and knowledge have found that in the great majority of cases such differences matter very little to the outcomes of cases. Variation in the strength of evidence influences decisions far more than who is hearing the evidence. That is good news if we want trials to produce rational decisions based on evidence. The focus on evidence makes a juror’s job a demanding one, presenting challenges to understanding, remembering, evaluating, drawing inferences, and using evidence (in conjunction with the law) to reach conclusions about a disputed matter. Working as a group helps. Groups have advantages over individuals: they possess more cognitive and social resources such as wider background knowledge and experience, the ability of multiple minds to remember, to correct each other’s errors, to think about the proper meaning of the evidence, and so on.

Decision-Making Ethics with Regard to Life-Sustaining Interventions: Summoning what other Patients Chose

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 169-169
Author(s):  
Anca Sterie ◽  
◽  
Eve Rubli Truchard ◽  
Ralf J. Jox ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Ethics Education ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Futile Care ◽  
Healthcare Communication

"Health decisions occur in a rich context in which social influences are omnipresent. The tendency to compare oneself with others has been described as one of the critical social factors influencing decision making. Based on a collection of 43 audio-recordings of hospital admission encounters which were analyzed though a conversation analytic methodology, we present findings and reflections in regard to how patients and physicians discuss cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. The phenomena of interest concerns how and when patients and physicians refer to what other people decide (for example: “Often the patients tell us: No futile care”). This practice is encountered in 6 of the conversations recorded. Reference to other people’s decisions is a way to talk about options, but it does much more than just enumerating them. As a resource in interaction, this reference is employed when the patient can’t or doesn’t express a preference (thereby clarifying options) or when the preference the patient expressed is problematic (because contrary to expectations). By using this reference, decision making is projected as a matter of membership to a group of individuals, and not as a matter of individual prognostic.The ethical implications of referring to other people’s choices are significant, since it can influence the patient and pose a serious threat to autonomous decisions. We argue that findings such as ours, stemming from data-driven studies of healthcare communication, are pivotal for informing ethics education in its effort to address the biases that physicians impose upon patients during decision making. "

The Chilcot Report

2019 ◽  
pp. 273-288
Author(s):  
Stephen Bouwhuis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Legal Advice ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
General Relevance ◽  
The Government

The inquiry by the United Kingdom into its decision to intervene in Iraq is one of the longest running and most comprehensive examinations of government decision-making. In particular, the inquiry examined in detail the processes by which legal advice was provided to and formed a part of the decision by the Government of the United Kingdom to intervene in Iraq. Through this lens, the current chapter examines what the inquiry illustrates about the general relevance of international law to the decision to intervene in Iraq and more broadly what illustrates about the role of international law in decision-making more generally. In particular, the chapter pertains to the practical and ethical aspects providing international legal advice to government as well as the nature of government legal practice more generally.

Investigating the Mediating Role of Knowledge Sharing on Employee Engagement

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Al-Jabri
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mediating Role

This article proposes a research model that explores the social factors affecting knowledge sharing and employee engagement and examines the mediating role of knowledge sharing on employee engagement. Data was collected from 191 employees from a large holding company and the research model was empirically tested using partial least squares analysis. The results show that coworker congruence, organizational commitment, and participative decision-making affect knowledge sharing and employee engagement. The findings also reveal that knowledge sharing has a full mediation effect between coworker congruence and employee engagement and between decision-making and employee engagement. In addition, knowledge sharing also has a partial mediation effect between organizational commitment and employee engagement. This study is a pioneering attempt to understand the effects of social factors on knowledge sharing and employee engagement. The findings of this study will be helpful to organizations using knowledge sharing systems as mechanisms to promote knowledge sharing and employee engagement.

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