Epidemiology for Monitoring and Evaluation

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-212
Author(s):  
J Patrick Vaughan ◽  
Cesar Victora ◽  
A Mushtaque R Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Systems Approach ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Health Status Indicators ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Experimental Population ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Efficacy Measures ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Impact

Monitoring involves continuous observation to see if plans are on track and evaluation determines the effectiveness of planned health interventions delivered by the health services and programmes. The systems approach uses indicators to measure delivery, access, quality, and coverage of services and programmes and their impact on health status indicators. Efficacy measures the impact of interventions in individual people. Measuring effectiveness in whole communities utilizes quasi-experimental population-based study designs with community controls. The importance of ethical principles and monitoring equity in health planning is presented and emphasised.

scholarly journals Impact of a Population-based Systems Approach on Evidence-based Care for Medicaid-insured Pregnant and Postpartum Women: A Quasi-Experimental Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Anne Roman ◽  
Jennifer E. Raffo ◽  
Kelly L. Strutz ◽  
Zhehui Luo ◽  
Melinda Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Postpartum Care ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Experimental Population ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Quasi Experimental

AbstractIntroductionEvidence-based enhanced prenatal/postnatal care (EPC) programs for Medicaid-insured women have significant positive effects on care and health outcomes. However, EPC enrollment rates are typically low, enrolling less than 30% of eligible women. This study investigated the effects of a population-based systems approach on timely EPC participation and other health care utilization.MethodsThis quasi-experimental, population-based, difference-in-difference study used linked birth certificates, Medicaid claims, and EPC data from complete statewide Medicaid birth cohorts retrieved from 2009-2017 and analyzed in 2019-20. System strategies included cross-agency leadership, clinical-community linked practices, Community Health Worker care, mental health coordination, and patient empowerment. Outcomes included EPC participation and early enrollment, prenatal care adequacy, emergency department contact, and postpartum care.ResultsPrenatal EPC (7.4 absolute percentage points; 95% CI: 6.3—8.5) and first trimester EPC, (12.4; 95% CI: 10.2—14.5) increased among women served by practices that co-located EPC resources, relative to the comparator group. First trimester EPC improved in the county (17.9; 95% CI: 15.7—20.0); ED decreased in the practices (−11.1; 95% CI: -12.3— -9.9) and postpartum care improved (7.1; 95% CI: 6— 8.2) in the county. EPC participation for Black women served by the practices improved (4.4; 95% CI: 2.2—6.6), as well as early EPC (12.3; 95% CI: 9.0—15.6) and postpartum visits (10.4; 95% CI: 8.3—12.4).ConclusionsA population systems approach improved EPC participation and service utilization for Medicaid-insured women in a county population, for those in practices that co-located EPC resources, and for Black women.

scholarly journals Impact of abortion law reforms on women’s health services and outcomes: a systematic review protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Foluso Ishola ◽  
U. Vivian Ukah ◽  
Arijit Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Abortion Law ◽  
Women’S Health Services ◽  
Abortion Laws ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background A country’s abortion law is a key component in determining the enabling environment for safe abortion. While restrictive abortion laws still prevail in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), many countries have reformed their abortion laws, with the majority of them moving away from an absolute ban. However, the implications of these reforms on women’s access to and use of health services, as well as their health outcomes, is uncertain. First, there are methodological challenges to the evaluation of abortion laws, since these changes are not exogenous. Second, extant evaluations may be limited in terms of their generalizability, given variation in reforms across the abortion legality spectrum and differences in levels of implementation and enforcement cross-nationally. This systematic review aims to address this gap. Our aim is to systematically collect, evaluate, and synthesize empirical research evidence concerning the impact of abortion law reforms on women’s health services and outcomes in LMICs. Methods We will conduct a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature on changes in abortion laws and women’s health services and outcomes in LMICs. We will search Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases, as well as grey literature and reference lists of included studies for further relevant literature. As our goal is to draw inference on the impact of abortion law reforms, we will include quasi-experimental studies examining the impact of change in abortion laws on at least one of our outcomes of interest. We will assess the methodological quality of studies using the quasi-experimental study designs series checklist. Due to anticipated heterogeneity in policy changes, outcomes, and study designs, we will synthesize results through a narrative description. Discussion This review will systematically appraise and synthesize the research evidence on the impact of abortion law reforms on women’s health services and outcomes in LMICs. We will examine the effect of legislative reforms and investigate the conditions that might contribute to heterogeneous effects, including whether specific groups of women are differentially affected by abortion law reforms. We will discuss gaps and future directions for research. Findings from this review could provide evidence on emerging strategies to influence policy reforms, implement abortion services and scale up accessibility. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019126927

scholarly journals Impact of abortion law reforms on women’s health services and outcomes: a systematic review protocol

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foluso Ishola ◽  
Vivian Ukah ◽  
Arijit Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Abortion Law ◽  
Women’S Health Services ◽  
Abortion Laws ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: A country’s abortion law is a key component in determining the enabling environment for safe abortion. While restrictive abortion laws still prevail in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), many countries have reformed their abortion laws, with the majority of them moving away from an absolute ban. However, the implications of these reforms on women’s access to and use of health services, as well as their health outcomes, is uncertain. First, there are methodological challenges to the evaluation of abortion laws, since these changes are not exogenous. Second, extant evaluations may be limited in terms of their generalizability, given variation in reforms across the abortion legality spectrum and differences in levels of implementation and enforcement cross-nationally. This systematic review aims to address this gap. Our aim is to systematically collect, evaluate, and synthesize empirical research evidence concerning the impact of abortion law reforms on women’s health services and outcomes in LMICs.Methods: We will conduct a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature on changes in abortion laws and women’s health services and outcomes in LMICs. We will search Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases, as well as grey literature and reference lists of included studies for further relevant literature. As our goal is to draw inference on the impact of abortion law reforms, we will include quasi-experimental studies examining the impact of change in abortion laws on at least one of our outcomes of interest. We will assess the methodological quality of studies using the quasi-experimental study designs series checklist. Due to anticipated heterogeneity in policy changes, outcomes, and study designs, we will synthesize results through a narrative description.Discussion: This review will systematically appraise and synthesize the research evidence on the impact of abortion law reforms on women’s health services and outcomes in LMICs. We will examine the effect of legislative reforms and investigate the conditions that might contribute to heterogeneous effects, including whether specific groups of women are differentially affected by abortion law reforms. We will discuss gaps and future directions for research. Findings from this review could provide evidence on emerging strategies to influence policy reforms, implement abortion services and scale up accessibility.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42019126927

scholarly journals Middle-age dementia risk scores and old-age cognition: a quasi-experimental population-based twin study with over 20-year follow-up

2020 ◽  
pp. jnnp-2020-324009
Author(s):  
Paula Iso-Markku ◽  
Jaakko Kaprio ◽  
Noora Lindgren ◽  
Juha O Rinne ◽  
Eero Vuoksimaa
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Twin Pair ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Experimental Population ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Intervention Trials

BackgroundMiddle-age risk scores predict cognitive impairment, but it is not known if these associations are evident when controlling for shared genetic and environmental factors. Using two risk scores, self-report educational-occupational score and Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE), we investigated if twins with higher middle-age dementia risk have poorer old-age cognition compared with their co-twins with lower risk.MethodsWe used a population-based older Finnish Twin Cohort study with middle-age questionnaire data (n=15 169, mean age=52.0 years, SD=11.8) and old-age cognition measured via telephone interview (mean age=74.1, SD=4.1, n=4302). Between-family and within-family linear regression analyses were performed.ResultsIn between-family analyses (N=2359), higher educational-occupational score was related to better cognition (B=0.76, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.83) and higher CAIDE score was associated with poorer cognition (B=−0.73, 95% CI −0.82 to -0.65). Within twin-pair differences in educational-occupational score were significantly related to within twin-pair differences in cognition in dizygotic (DZ) pairs (B=0.78, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.31; N=338) but not in monozygotic (MZ) pairs (B=0.12, 95% CI −0.44 to 0.68; N=221). Within twin-pair differences in CAIDE score were not related to within twin-pair differences in cognition: DZ B=−0.38 (95% CI −0.90 to 0.14, N=343) and MZ B=−0.05 (95% CI −0.59 to 0.49; N=226).ConclusionMiddle-age dementia risk scores predicted old-age cognition, but within twin-pair analyses gave little support for associations independent of shared environmental and genetic factors. Understanding genetic underpinnings of risk score−cognition associations is important for early detection of dementia and designing intervention trials.

scholarly journals Impact of abortion law reforms on women’s health services and outcomes: a systematic review protocol

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foluso Ishola ◽  
Vivian Ukah ◽  
Arijit Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Abortion Law ◽  
Women’S Health Services ◽  
Abortion Laws ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract BackgroundA country’s abortion law is a key component in determining the enabling environment for safe abortion. While restrictive abortion laws still prevail in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), many countries have reformed their abortion laws, with the majority of them moving away from an absolute ban. However, the implications of these reforms on women’s access to and use of health services, as well as their health outcomes, is uncertain. First, there are methodological challenges to the evaluation of abortion laws, since these changes are not exogenous. Second, extant evaluations may be limited in terms of their generalizability, given variation in reforms across the abortion legality spectrum and differences in levels of implementation and enforcement cross-nationally. This systematic review aims to address this gap. Our aim is to systematically collect, evaluate, and synthesize empirical research evidence concerning the impact of abortion law reforms on women’s health services and outcomes in LMICs.MethodsWe will conduct a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature on changes in abortion laws and women’s health services and outcomes in LMICs. We will search Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases, as well as grey literature and reference lists of included studies for further relevant literature. As our goal is to draw inference on the impact of abortion law reforms, we will include quasi-experimental studies examining the impact of change in abortion laws on at least one of our outcomes of interest. We will assess the methodological quality of studies using the quasi-experimental study designs series checklist. Due to anticipated heterogeneity in policy changes, outcomes, and study designs, we will synthesize results through a narrative description.DiscussionThis review will systematically appraise and synthesize the research evidence on the impact of abortion law reforms on women’s health services and outcomes in LMICs. We will examine the effect of legislative reforms and investigate the conditions that might contribute to heterogeneous effects, including whether specific groups of women are differentially affected by abortion law reforms. We will discuss gaps and future directions for research. Findings from this review could provide evidence on emerging strategies to influence policy reforms, implement abortion services and scale up accessibility.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42019126927

scholarly journals Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia in Canada: prevalence and associations with six health status indicators

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Rusu ◽  
ME Gee ◽  
C Lagacé ◽  
M Parlor
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Health Status Indicators ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
The Impact

Introduction Few studies have considered the factors independently associated with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and/or fibromyalgia (FM) or considered the impact of these conditions on health status using population-based data. Methods We used data from the nationally representative 2010 Canadian Community Health Survey (n= 59 101) to describe self-reported health professional-diagnosed CFS and/or FM, and their associations with 6 health status indicators. Results In 2010, diagnosed CFS and FM are reported by 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3%–1.6%) and 1.5% (1.4%–1.7%), respectively, of the Canadian household population aged 12 years and over, with comorbid CFS and FM affecting 0.3% (0.3%–0.4%) of that population. Prevalent CFS and/or FM were more common among women, adults aged 40 years and over, those with lowest income, and those with certain risk factors for chronic disease (i.e. obesity, physical inactivity and smoking). After controlling for differences between the groups, people with CFS and/or FM reported poorer health status than those with neither condition on 5 indicators of health status, but not on the measure of fair/poor mental health. Having both CFS and FM and having multiple comorbid conditions was associated with poorer health status. Conclusion Co-occurrence of CFS and FM and having other chronic conditions were strongly related to poorer health status and accounted for much of the differences in health status. Understanding factors contributing to improved quality of life in people with CFS and/or FM, particularly in those with both conditions and other comorbidities, may be an important area for future research.

scholarly journals The Willingness of Undergraduate Nursing Students Regarding Utilizing CAM as a Preventative Method of Coronaviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
pp. 237-243
Author(s):  
Najla A. Barnawi ◽  
Hind S. Al-Ghadeer ◽  
Madhawi M. BinSaran ◽  
Walaa, S. Bin-Muneef ◽  
Maryam S. Alroilai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Educational Video ◽  
Video Session ◽  
Undergraduate Nursing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
The Impact

In response to the global awareness about the Coronavirus, mainly COVID-19, developing an educational-video tool regarding the utilization of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) as a preventative method of Coronaviruses. It is an ideal resource for nursing students, who are a cornerstone of the continuity of care and partnerships with high-risk individuals, families, and communities. This study examines the impact of the CAM video session on the level of attitude among Saudi undergraduate female nursing students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A pre-post tests quasi-experimental study was conducted among 174 students to examine their attitude changes before and after they exposed the CAM educational video. The results suggesting that the CAM video session significantly improves students’ attitudes (M(differences) = 55.2068, SD = 5.9964, [t(174) = 121.444, p < .001]); Further, the number of utilizing the CAM therapy mainly the herbal methods was increased after the exposure to CAM video (pre-test n= 76, 43.7% vs. post-test n= 130, 74.7%). In conclusion enhancing the students' attitudes toward utilizing CAM therapy as preventive measures is a core aspect of public health. Further, implementing such attractive, simple, and evidence-based tools increases the utilization of accessible and available CAM resources such as herbal remedies. Accordingly, there is a need to examine the CAM video tool at a larger scale and not merely focus on the healthcare professionals but should include population-based scope.

scholarly journals A scoping review of literature assessing the impact of the learning assistant model

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Barrasso ◽  
Kathryn E. Spilios
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Mathematics Classrooms ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Evidenced Based ◽  
Relative Deficiency ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMuch of modern education reform is focused on implementation of evidenced-based teaching, but these techniques are sometimes met with trepidation from faculty, due to inexperience or lack of necessary resources. One near-peer teaching model designed to facilitate evidenced-based teaching in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics classrooms is the Learning Assistant (LA) model. Here, we describe the details of the LA model, present a scoping review of literature using the four original goals of the LA model as a framework, and suggest future areas of research that would deepen our understanding of the impact that the LA model may have on education. We summarize how the LA model improves student outcomes and teacher preparation and identify a relative deficiency of literature that addresses how the LA model impacts faculty and departmental/institutional change. Additionally, of the 39 papers reviewed, 11 are strictly pre-experimental study designs, 28 use quasi-experimental designs or a combination of quasi and pre-experimental, and none of them included a true experimental design. Thus, we conclude that current studies suggest that LA model positively impacts education, but more refined assessment would improve our understanding of the model. Furthermore, despite the encouraging research on the impact of the LA model and the proliferation of LA programs at institutions across the world, the study of the LA model has been, for the most part, limited to a small group of education researchers. Therefore, a major objective of this review is to introduce the LA model to a new group of instructors and researchers who can further our understanding of this promising model.

The Impact of Visual Thinking Approach to Promote Elementary Students’ Problem Solving Skill in Mathemathics

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fendrik ◽  
Elvina Elvina
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Elementary Students ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Visual Thinking ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Student Skill ◽  
Mathematical Skill ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to examine the influence of visual thinking learning to problemsolving skill. Quasi experiments with the design of this non-equivalent controlgroup involved Grade V students in one of the Elementary Schools. The design ofthis study was quasi experimental nonequivalent control group, the researchbullet used the existing class. The results of research are: 1) improvement ofproblem soving skill. The learning did not differ significantly between studentswho received conventional learning. 2) there is no interaction between learning(visual thinking and traditional) with students' mathematical skill (upper, middleand lower) on the improvement of skill. 3) there is a difference in the skill oflanguage learning that is being constructed with visual learning of thought interms of student skill (top, middle and bottom).

A Systems Approach to ER Stress Pathway Dynamics Reveals the Impact of Freeze-Dried Broccoli Extract to Mitigate Inflammation in Human Adipocytes through the Mevalonate Pathway

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2076-P
Author(s):  
ALICE MURPHY ◽  
SAHAR AZHARIAN ◽  
GYANENDRA TRIPATHI ◽  
GUY BARKER ◽  
MICHAEL J. CHAPPELL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Er Stress ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Mevalonate Pathway ◽  
Human Adipocytes ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stress Pathway
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