A Systems Approach to ER Stress Pathway Dynamics Reveals the Impact of Freeze-Dried Broccoli Extract to Mitigate Inflammation in Human Adipocytes through the Mevalonate Pathway

Subject. The article discusses the momentum in finance. Objectives. The study reveals the impact of financial momentum as the unity of antipodes in the development of the national economy. Methods. The study is based on a systems approach and methods of descriptive statistics. Results. I discover the ultimate goal of globalization, i.e. the substantive simplification of national economies and strengthening of global economic ties. The goals determine the logic tendency of national economies for reducing the interest rate so as to gain the financial momentum and, consequently, fanning the crisis risk in the global financial system. The global financial system became the substance of global economic processes, which determined development opportunities of national economies. I reveal what countries have the high and low financial momentum. Conclusions and Relevance. Being the unity of antipodes in the modern economic development, financial momentum causes countries to lose their economic identity, making them just functions of the global financial system. The cyclical development model of national economies is replaced with the metron model that rests on fluctuating advanced economies with the low financial momentum at its bottom and emerging economies at its top. The findings crystallize the concept and new competencies for a person who decide on the determination and performance of financial regulation activities.

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Effect of Freeze Drying and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on Phenolic Metabolites and Antioxidant Property of the Natal Plum (Carissa macrocarpa)

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10061420 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1420

Author(s):

Faith Seke ◽

Vimbainashe E. Manhivi ◽

Tinotenda Shoko ◽

Retha M. Slabbert ◽

Yasmina Sultanbawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Freeze Drying ◽

Array Detector ◽

Gastrointestinal Digestion ◽

Liquid Chromatograph ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Intestinal Phase ◽

Glucosidase Activity ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Small Intestinal ◽

The Impact

Natal plums (Carissa macrocarpa) are a natural source of bioactive compounds, particularly anthocyanins, and can be consumed as a snack. This study characterized the impact of freeze drying and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity, and α-glucosidase activity of the Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa). The phenolic compounds were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector HPLC-DAD and an ultra-performance liquid chromatograph (UPLC) with a Waters Acquity photodiode array detector (PDA) coupled to a Synapt G2 quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer. Cyanidin-3-O-β-sambubioside (Cy-3-Sa) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy-3-G) were the dominant anthocyanins in the fresh and freeze-dried Natal plum powder. Freeze drying did not affect the concentrations of both cyanidin compounds compared to the fresh fruit. Both cyanidin compounds, ellagic acid, catechin, epicatechin syringic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, and quercetin O-glycoside from the ingested freeze-dried Natal plum powder was quite stable in the gastric phase compared to the small intestinal phase. Cyanidin-3-O-β-sambubioside from the ingested Natal plum powder showed bioaccessibility of 32.2% compared to cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (16.3%). The degradation of anthocyanins increased the bioaccessibility of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, coumaric acid, and ferulic acid significantly, in the small intestinal digesta. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) activities, and inhibitory effect of α-glucosidase activity decreased in the small intestinal phase. Indigenous fruits or freeze-dried powders with Cy-3-Sa can be a better source of anthocyanin than Cy-3-G due to higher bioaccessibility in the small intestinal phase.

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Combinations of Freeze-Dried Amorphous Vardenafil Hydrochloride with Saccharides as A Way to Enhance Dissolution Rate and Permeability

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14050453 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 453

Author(s):

Gabriela Wiergowska ◽

Dominika Ludowicz ◽

Kamil Wdowiak ◽

Andrzej Miklaszewski ◽

Kornelia Lewandowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Density Functional ◽

Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Crystalline Form ◽

Amorphous Form ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Apparent Solubility ◽

Gastrointestinal Epithelium ◽

The Impact

To improve physicochemical properties of vardenafil hydrochloride (VAR), its amorphous form and combinations with excipients—hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)—were prepared. The impact of the modification on physicochemical properties was estimated by comparing amorphous mixtures of VAR to their crystalline form. The amorphous form of VAR was obtained as a result of the freeze-drying process. Confirmation of the identity of the amorphous dispersion of VAR was obtained through the use of comprehensive analysis techniques—X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), supported by FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The amorphous mixtures of VAR increased its apparent solubility compared to the crystalline form. Moreover, a nearly 1.3-fold increase of amorphous VAR permeability through membranes simulating gastrointestinal epithelium as a consequence of the changes of apparent solubility (Papp crystalline VAR = 6.83 × 10−6 cm/s vs. Papp amorphous VAR = 8.75 × 10−6 cm/s) was observed, especially for its combinations with β-CD in the ratio of 1:5—more than 1.5-fold increase (Papp amorphous VAR = 8.75 × 10−6 cm/s vs. Papp amorphous VAR:β-CD 1:5 = 13.43 × 10−6 cm/s). The stability of the amorphous VAR was confirmed for 7 months. The HPMC and β-CD are effective modifiers of its apparent solubility and permeation through membranes simulating gastrointestinal epithelium, suggesting a possibility of a stronger pharmacological effect.

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MitoQ Is Able to Modulate Apoptosis and Inflammation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22094753 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 4753

Author(s):

Elisa Piscianz ◽

Alessandra Tesser ◽

Erika Rimondi ◽

Elisabetta Melloni ◽

Claudio Celeghini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Mevalonate Pathway ◽

Neuronal Cell ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Mitochondrial Activity ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Short Period ◽

Inflammatory Stimuli ◽

Apoptosis And Inflammation ◽

The Impact

Mitoquinone (MitoQ) is a mitochondrial reactive oxygen species scavenger that is characterized by high bioavailability. Prior studies have demonstrated its neuroprotective potential. Indeed, the release of reactive oxygen species due to damage to mitochondrial components plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. The present study aimed to examine the impact of the inflammation platform activation on the neuronal cell line (DAOY) treated with specific inflammatory stimuli and whether MitoQ addition can modulate these deregulations. DAOY cells were pre-treated with MitoQ and then stimulated by a blockade of the cholesterol pathway, also called mevalonate pathway, using a statin, mimicking cholesterol deregulation, a common parameter present in some neurodegenerative and autoinflammatory diseases. To verify the role played by MitoQ, we examined the expression of genes involved in the inflammation mechanism and the mitochondrial activity at different time points. In this experimental design, MitoQ showed a protective effect against the blockade of the mevalonate pathway in a short period (12 h) but did not persist for a long time (24 and 48 h). The results obtained highlight the anti-inflammatory properties of MitoQ and open the question about its application as an effective adjuvant for the treatment of the autoinflammatory disease characterized by a cholesterol deregulation pathway that involves mitochondrial homeostasis.

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Rehydration before Application Improves Functional Properties of Lyophilized Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HAC03

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9051013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1013

Author(s):

Karina Arellano-Ayala ◽

Juhwan Lim ◽

Subin Yeo ◽

Jorge Enrique Vazquez Bucheli ◽

Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Tract ◽

Food Additives ◽

Nitrogen Compounds ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Bacterial Surface ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Immunomodulatory Properties ◽

Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽

The Impact ◽

Active Formulation

Preservation of probiotics by lyophilization is considered a method of choice for developing stable products. However, both direct consumption and reconstitution of dehydrated probiotic preparations before application “compromise” the survival and functional characteristics of the microorganisms under the stress of the upper gastro-intestinal tract. We evaluated the impact of different food additives on the viability, mucin adhesion, and zeta potential of a freeze-dried putative probiotic, Lactiplantibacillus (Lp.) plantarum HAC03. HAC03-compatible ingredients for the formulation of ten rehydration mixtures could be selected. Elevated efficacy was achieved by the B-active formulation, a mixture of non-protein nitrogen compounds, sugars, and salts. The survival of Lp. plantarum HAC03 increased by 36.36% compared rehydration with distilled water (4.92%) after passing simulated gastro-intestinal stress conditions. Cell viability determined by plate counting was confirmed by flow cytometry. B-active formulation also influenced Lp. plantarum HAC03 functionality by increasing its adherence to a Caco-2 cell-line and by changing the bacterial surface charge, measured as zeta potential.Hydrophobicity, mucin adhesion and immunomodulatory properties of Lp. plantarum HAC03 were not affected by the B-active formulation. The rehydration medium also effectively protected Lp. plantarum ATCC14917, Lp. plantarum 299v, Latilactobacillus sakei (Lt.) HAC11, Lacticaseibacillus (Lc.) paracasei 532, Enterococcus faecium 200, and Lc. rhamnosus BFE5263.

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Studies on the Catalytic Properties of Crude Freeze-Dried Preparations of Yarrowia lipolytica Extracellular Lipases for Geranyl Ester Derivative Synthesis

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11060839 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 839

Author(s):

Karina Jasińska ◽

Bartłomiej Zieniuk ◽

Dorota Nowak ◽

Agata Fabiszewska

Keyword(s):

Freeze Drying ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Synthetic Activity ◽

Drying Process ◽

Enzyme Preparations ◽

Ester Derivative ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

The Impact ◽

Geranyl Ester

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of selected factors of the freeze-drying process on the hydrolytic and synthetic activity of the extracellular lipases of Y. lipolytica KKP 379 and to attempt the use of the crude enzyme preparation as a biocatalyst in the synthesis of geranyl 4-hydroxyphenylpropanoate. Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the geranyl ester derivative were also investigated in order to evaluate their usefulness as a novel food additive. The studies confirmed that freeze-drying was an effective method of dehydrating yeast supernatant and allowed for obtaining lyophilizates with low water activity from 0.055 to 0.160. The type and concentration of the additive (2–6% whey protein hydrolyzate, 0.5% and 1% ammonium sulphate) had a significant effect on the hydrolytic activity of enzyme preparations, while the selected variants of drying temperature during the freeze-drying process were not significant (10 °C and 50 °C). Low yield of geranyl 4-hydroxyphenylopropionate was shown when the lyophilized supernatant was used (5.3%), but the yield of ester synthesis increased when the freeze-dried Y. lipolytica yeast biomass was applied (47.9%). The study confirmed the antioxidant properties of the synthesized ester by the DPPH• and CUPRAC methods, as well as higher antibacterial activity against tested bacteria than its precursor with 0.125 mM MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) against L. monocytogenes.

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Demanded and Feared: Transnational Convergencies in National Educational Systems and Their (Expectable) Effects

European Educational Research Journal ◽

10.2304/eerj.2002.1.2.2 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 214-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Christel Adick

Keyword(s):

Systems Approach ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Educational Systems ◽

World Systems ◽

World Systems Theory ◽

Strong Argument ◽

National Education ◽

National Education Systems ◽

Immanuel Wallerstein ◽

The Impact

The article focuses on the impact of social developments related to ‘globalisation’ on education. In line with the world systems approach as most prominently expounded by Immanuel Wallerstein the author conceptualises globalisation not as a new development, but as the current expression of a long historical process originating in sixteenth century Europe. In order to make use of world systems theory for education, the author makes a strong argument in favour of taking Bourdieu's concepts of cultural capital and the relative autonomy of the educational system into account. On this basis, the author reviews a secondary analysis based on numerous studies of national education systems with respect to the various degrees of convergence, divergence and variation. It is argued with reference to the neo-institutionalist approach of the Stanford group that convergence and standardisation in education are not questions of affirmation or rejection as much as historical processes that by no means imply a deterministic implementation of an economic rationale.

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Revealing of the specificity of mortgage housing lending based on the results of clustering of regions

Finance and Credit ◽

10.24891/fc.27.12.2679 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (12) ◽

pp. 2679-2697

Author(s):

Lyudmila E. ROMANOVA ◽

Anna L. SABININA ◽

Andrei I. CHUKANOV ◽

Dar’ya M. KORSHUNOVA

Keyword(s):

Systems Approach ◽

Mortgage Lending ◽

Effective Algorithm ◽

Russian Regions ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Partitioning Around Medoids ◽

Analysis And Synthesis ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Impact ◽

Regions Of Russia

Subject. This article deals with the particularities of the development of housing mortgage lending in the regions of Russia. Objectives. The article aims to substantiate the need for clustering of territorial entities by level of development of mortgage housing lending in Russia and test the most effective algorithm for mortgage clustering of regions. Methods. For the study, we used a systems approach, including scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis, and statistical methods of data analysis. The algorithm k-medoids – Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) was also used. Results. Based on the results of the study of regional statistics of the Russian Federation, the article reveals a significant asymmetry in the values of key socioeconomic indices that determine the level and dynamics of housing mortgages in the regions. This necessitates the clustering of territorial entities according to the level of development of mortgage housing lending in the country. To take into account the impact of various local conditions in assessing the prospects for the development of regional housing mortgages, the article proposes an indicator, namely, the integral regional mortgage affordability index. On its basis, in accordance with the selected clustering procedure, the article identifies five mortgage clusters in Russia and identifies their representative regions. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the specificity of the development of regional mortgages in the Tula Oblast, taking into account the implementation of the target State programme, the article concludes that it is necessary to improve the mechanisms for financing regional mortgage programmes and justifies the need to develop differentiated programmes for the development of housing mortgages in groups of Russian regions.

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