Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Darius A. Rastegar ◽  
Michael I. Fingerhood
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Disorder ◽  
Environment And Behavior ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Tremendous Amount ◽  
Harmful Use ◽  
And Behavior

The use of a variety of psychoactive substances is common, and substance use disorders are responsible for a tremendous amount of preventable morbidity and mortality. Addiction is increasingly understood as a chronic disorder that involves a complex interplay of genetics, physiology, environment, and behavior. A range of terms and definitions are used when describing these disorders. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders provides criteria for “substance use disorders.” The other major source of terminology and diagnostic criteria is the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, which divides this into “harmful use” and “dependence syndrome.”

scholarly journals Aligning the ICD-11 classification of disorders due to substance use with global service needs

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Poznyak ◽  
G. M. Reed ◽  
M. E. Medina-Mora
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Substance Dependence ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Harmful Use

The use of psychoactive, potentially dependence-producing substances is highly prevalent around the world, and contributes substantially to global disease burden. There is a major gap between the need for treatment for substance use disorders. Changes proposed for the classification of substance use disorders in the Eleventh Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, based on a public health approach, have important implications for the conceptualisation, structure and availability of services. These include: (1) an updated and expanded range of substance classes; (2) greater specification of different harmful patterns of substance use, which may be continuous or episodic and recurrent; (3) a new category to denote single episodes of harmful use; (4) a category describing hazardous use of substances; and (5) simplification of diagnostic guidelines for substance dependence. This paper describes these changes and the opportunities they present for improved prevention, treatment, monitoring and health policy.

What's in a Name?

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc J. Tassé
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
The World ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) is in the process of developing the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD–11). Part of this process includes replacing mental retardation with a more acceptable term to identify the condition. The current international consensus appears to be replacing mental retardation with intellectual disability. This article briefly presents some of the issues involved in changing terminology and the constraints and conventions that are specific to the ICD.

scholarly journals Substance use Treatment and Harm Reduction Services for Migrants and Refugees in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a Global Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelis De Jong ◽  
Ali Farhoudian ◽  
Mehrnoosh Vahidi ◽  
Mohsen Ebrahimi ◽  
Hamed Ekhtiari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
World Health ◽  
Substance Use Treatment ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Addiction Medicine ◽  
Global Survey ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Migrants and refugees are considered vulnerable to mental health problems and substance use disorders; and may be particularly affected by service disruptions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic The International Society of Addiction Medicine (ISAM) ran a multi-phased global survey among clinicians and health professional that are actively working in the field of addiction medicine to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on substance use and related services. In March 2020, the first month after the announcement of the pandemic by the World Health Organization, 177 informants from 77 countries took part in the global survey, and only 12.9% of them reported their countries’ substance use treatment and harm reduction services for the migrants and refugees with substance use disorders continued as usual. In May 2020, 11.7% of respondents of the second phase reported that the services for refugees and migrants improved in comparison to March 2020; 11.7% reported that these services in their country discontinued. Results suggest that refugee and migrants access to treatment and harm reduction services has been reduced as a result of COVID-19. It can be concluded that it is crucial to improve the visibility of migrants’ needs and exploit appropriate interventions for those with substance use disorders.

How is Schizophrenia Diagnosed?

Schizophrenia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Glatt ◽  
Stephen V. Faraone ◽  
Ming T. Tsuang
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Disorganized Speech ◽  
The Individual

The diagnosis of schizophrenia cannot be made based on the results of an ob­jective diagnostic test or laboratory measure, though we and others are working towards this. Instead, clinicians diagnose schizophrenia based on behaviour and psychopathology (including the symptoms described in the previous chapter). These require the subjective interpretation of clinicians, but they can be as­sessed reliably. The definitions of major mental illnesses used by clinicians are presented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association (in the United States) and the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD) in other countries. These def­initions are updated from time to time to reflect gains in knowledge, or to reflect modern thinking on the similarities and differences between certain disorders. From one edition to the next, some diagnoses are revised, some are added, and some vanish altogether, only to be replaced or absorbed under other diagnoses. The diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia as defined by the most recent version of the DSM (DSM- 5) include the presence of two or more of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or cata­tonic behaviour, and negative symptoms. At least one of the two must be delu­sions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech, while the second symptom type required for diagnosis could be any of the remaining four criteria. The require­ment of delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech maintains the resem­blance of the modern- day diagnosis to that first described by the clinician Emil Kraepelin over a century ago. Kraepelin’s discovery that schizophrenia is marked by a chronic and gradually worsening course is seen in modern- day criteria as well. A DSM-5 diagnosis of schizophrenia requires continuous signs of illness for at least 6 months, during which the individual must show at least 1 month of active symptoms (less if well treated). The diagnosis also requires social or work deterioration over a signifi­cant amount of time. Lastly, the diagnosis requires that the observed symptoms are not due to some other medical condition, including other psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder.

Substance Use Disorders, Personality Disorders, and Eating Disorders

2016 ◽  
pp. 711-714
Author(s):  
Brian A. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Medical Settings ◽  
Generic Term ◽  
And Behavior

Psychosis is a generic term used to describe altered thought and behavior in which the patient is incapable of interpreting his or her situation rationally and accurately. Psychotic symptoms can occur in various medical, neurologic, and psychiatric disorders. Many psychotic reactions seen in medical settings are associated with the use of recreational or prescription drugs. Some of these drug-induced psychotic reactions are nearly indistinguishable from schizophrenia in terms of hallucinations and paranoid delusions.

scholarly journals Schizotypal Disorder in Children—A Neglected Diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J Tonge ◽  
Renee Testa ◽  
Carmela Díaz-Arteche ◽  
Avril V Brereton ◽  
Katerina Stephanou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Schizotypal Disorder

Abstract Disabling psychotic-like perceptions, thoughts, and behavior have long been recognized in children. These symptoms have an adverse impact on child and family and are a developmental predictor of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD). Attempts to classify this phenomenon separately and within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) systems have been unsuccessful until the DSM-5 and ICD-11. The categorization of Schizotypal Disorder within the SSDs in DSM-5 and ICD-11, and recognition that it is manifest in childhood, has established Schizotypal Disorder in Childhood (SDC) as a focus for clinical attention and research. This article aims to increase the awareness of this debilitating disorder by describing 3 case studies (ages 6, 8, and 9), which illustrate and refine the clinical presentation and cognitive profile of SDC. Biopsychosocial risk factors, comorbid disorders, and features that differentiate it from Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are discussed. A comprehensive understanding of SDC will improve the accuracy and validity of the diagnostic process and pave the way for further research into its etiology, developmental pathway, and treatment.

Obsessive compulsive and related disorders: comparing DSM-5 and ICD-11

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Marras ◽  
Naomi Fineberg ◽  
Stefano Pallanti
Keyword(s):  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
World Health ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Draft Version ◽  
Health Organization

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been recognized as mainly characterized by compulsivity rather than anxiety and, therefore, was removed from the anxiety disorders chapter and given its own in both the American Psychiatric Association (APA)Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-5) and the Beta Draft Version of the 11th revision of the World Health Organization (WHO)International Classification of Diseases(ICD-11). This revised clustering is based on increasing evidence of common affected neurocircuits between disorders, differently from previous classification systems based on interrater agreement. In this article, we focus on the classification of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs), examining the differences in approach adopted by these 2 nosological systems, with particular attention to the proposed changes in the forthcoming ICD-11. At this stage, notable differences in the ICD classification are emerging from the previous revision, apparently converging toward a reformulation of OCRDs that is closer to the DSM-5.

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