Application of research evidence in clinical practice

Author(s):  
Andrea Cipriani ◽  
Stefan Leucht ◽  
John R. Geddes

The aim of evidence-based medicine is to integrate current best evidence from research with clinical expertise and patient values. However, it is known that one of the major challenges for clinicians is to move from the theory of evidence-based medicine to the practice of it. Evidence-based practice requires new skills of the clinician, including framing a clear question based on a clinical problem, searching and critically appraising the relevant literature, and applying the findings to routine clinical decision-making, ideally at the individual patient level. Scientific evidence is increasingly accessible through journals and information services that should combine high-quality evidence with information technology. However, the process is not straightforward, as there are several barriers to the successful application of research evidence to health care. This chapter discusses both the prospects for harnessing evidence to improve health care and the problems that clinicians will need to overcome to practise ‘evidence-based-ly’.

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Dowie

Within ‘evidence-based medicine and health care’ the ‘number needed to treat’ (NNT) has been promoted as the most clinically useful measure of the effectiveness of interventions as established by research. Is the NNT, in either its simple or adjusted form, ‘easily understood’, ‘intuitively meaningful’, ‘clinically useful’ and likely to bring about the substantial improvements in patient care and public health envisaged by those who recommend its use? The key evidence against the NNT is the consistent format effect revealed in studies that present respondents with mathematically-equivalent statements regarding trial results. Problems of understanding aside, trying to overcome the limitations of the simple (major adverse event) NNT by adding an equivalent measure for harm (‘number needed to harm’ NNH) means the NNT loses its key claim to be a single yardstick. Integration of the NNT and NNH, and attempts to take into account the wider consequences of treatment options, can be attempted by either a ‘clinical judgement’ or an analytical route. The former means abandoning the explicit and rigorous transparency urged in evidence-based medicine. The attempt to produce an ‘adjusted’ NNT by an analytical approach has succeeded, but the procedure involves carrying out a prior decision analysis. The calculation of an adjusted NNT from that analysis is a redundant extra step, the only action necessary being comparison of the results for each option and determination of the optimal one. The adjusted NNT has no role in clinical decision-making, defined as requiring patient utilities, because the latter are measurable only on an interval scale and cannot be transformed into a ratio measure (which the adjusted NNT is implied to be). In any case, the NNT always represents the intrusion of population-based reasoning into clinical decision-making.


2015 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan ◽  
Darshan Bhagwan ◽  
Akshay Sethi ◽  
Rekha Thapar ◽  
Prasanna Mithra ◽  
...  

A facility-based cross sectional study was carried out among 188 doctors working at the Kasturba Medical College in Mangalore, India, to assess the perception and practice of evidence based medicine (EBM) among medical professionals. Data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire and results obtained were expressed in percentages. Results: The mean age of participants was 35 ± 8.33 years. A higher proportion of participants (n=182, 96.8%) referred to textbooks for information for clinical decision making. A majority of the participants (n=180, 95.8%) opined that evidence based medicine should be included in a medical curriculum. More than half of the participants (n=98, 52.1%) used PubMed. A majority (n=150, 79.8%) of the participants had a good level of self-rated confidence in evaluating research, while 55.3% (n=104) of the participants had a good level of self-rated confidence in their ability to conduct clinical appraisals. Lack of time and insufficient EBM skills were the major perceived barriers to practicing evidence based medicine. Conclusion: Positive attitudes and higher awareness regarding EBM among doctors in the present study compared to other reported literature is an encouraging finding. Medical regulators must utilize the best available evidence and experience in formulating policy on medical education and health care.


Author(s):  
Raman Mundi ◽  
Simran Mundi ◽  
Mohit Bhandari

ABSTRACT Evidence-based medicine is the conscientious use of the current best evidence in making health care decisions. It involves the incorporation of research findings, patient values and preferences, clinical circumstances and your own clinical expertise. This approach is not a blinkered adherence to only randomized trials, but to the best available evidence in clinical decision making. The skills of an EBM practitioner require asking clinically important questions, conducting searches for the best available evidence, appraising this evidence critically, and deciding whether to apply this evidence to patients. How to cite this article Mundi R, Mundi S, Bhandari M. Evidence-based Medicine: Top Ten Things to Know! J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(1):1-3.


Author(s):  
Karen Weaver ◽  
Michelle Diebold ◽  
Zeinab Rizk ◽  
Ghada Mustapha ◽  
Wafa Algahmi ◽  
...  

INTRODUCTION: The ideal of evidence-based medicine includes the integration of clinical experience and patient values with research evidence. We introduce clinical decision science, a new framework that includes patient social context to demonstrate this integration, which has been absent from evidence-based medicine sources. METHODS: This is an observational study comparing published articles within the domains of clinical decision science and evidence-based medicine. In a standardized manner, investigators identified and counted instances of social interaction within the publications. RESULTS: Publications of Clinical Decision Science had a higher number of markers of social interaction per paper and greater proportion of papers that included any markers of social interaction compared to publications in the Evidence-based medicine domain. DISCUSSION: We identified a framework that allows exploration of a new scientific domain that includes both research evidence and individual patient social context.


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Antonio Marcos Andrade

Em 2005, o grego John Loannidis, professor da Universidade de Stanford, publicou um artigo na PLOS Medicine intitulado “Why most published research findings are false” [1]. Ele que é dos pioneiros da chamada “meta-ciência”, disciplina que analisa o trabalho de outros cientistas, avaliou se estão respeitando as regras fundamentais que definem a boa ciência. Esse trabalho foi visto com muito espanto e indignação por parte dos pesquisadores na época, pois colocava em xeque a credibilidade da ciência.Para muitos cientistas, isso acontece porque a forma de se produzir conhecimento ficou diferente, ao ponto que seria quase irreconhecível para os grandes gênios dos séculos passados. Antigamente, se analisavam os dados em estado bruto, os autores iam às academias reproduzir suas experiências diante de todos, mas agora isso se perdeu porque os estudos são baseados em seis milhões de folhas de dados. Outra questão importante que garantia a confiabilidade dos achados era que os cientistas, independentemente de suas titulações e da relevância de suas descobertas anteriores, tinham que demonstrar seus novos achados diante de seus pares que, por sua vez, as replicavam em seus laboratórios antes de dar credibilidade à nova descoberta. Contudo, na atualidade, essas garantias veem sendo esquecidas e com isso colocando em xeque a validade de muitos estudos na área de saúde.Preocupados com a baixa qualidade dos trabalhos atuais, um grupo de pesquisadores se reuniram em 2017 e construíram um documento manifesto que acabou de ser publicado no British Medical Journal “Evidence Based Medicine Manifesto for Better Health Care” [2]. O Documento é uma iniciativa para a melhoria da qualidade das evidências em saúde. Nele se discute as possíveis causas da pouca confiabilidade científica e são apresentadas algumas alternativas para a correção do atual cenário. Segundo seus autores, os problemas estão presentes nas diferentes fases da pesquisa:Fases da elaboração dos objetivos - Objetivos inúteis. Muito do que é produzido não tem impacto científico nem clínico. Isso porque os pesquisadores estão mais interessados em produzir um número grande de artigos do que gerar conhecimento. Quase 85% dos trabalhos não geram nenhum benefício direto a humanidade.Fase do delineamento do estudo - Estudos com amostras subdimensionados, que não previnem erros aleatórios. Métodos que não previnem erros sistemáticos (viés na escolha das amostras, falta de randomização correta, viés de confusão, desfechos muito abertos). Em torno de 35% dos pesquisadores assumem terem construídos seus métodos de maneira enviesada.Fase de análise dos dados - Trinta e cinco por cento dos pesquisadores assumem práticas inadequadas no momento de análise dos dados. Muitos assumem que durante esse processo realizam várias análises simultaneamente, e as que apresentam significância estatística são transformadas em objetivos no trabalho. As revistas também têm sua parcela de culpa nesse processo já que os trabalhos com resultados positivos são mais aceitos (2x mais) que trabalhos com resultados negativos.Fase de revisão do trabalho - Muitos revisores de saúde não foram treinados para reconhecer potenciais erros sistemáticos e aleatórios nos trabalhos.Em suma é necessário que pesquisadores e revistas científicas pensem nisso. Só assim, teremos evidências de maior qualidade, estimativas estatísticas adequadas, pensamento crítico e analítico desenvolvido e prevenção dos mais comuns vieses cognitivos do pensamento.


2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Rocha Dias ◽  
Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze, from the examination of decisions issued by Brazilian courts, how Evidence-Based Medicine was applied and if it led to well-founded decisions, searching the best scientific knowledge. Methods The decisions made by the Federal Courts were searched, with no time limits, at the website of the Federal Court Council, using the expression “Evidence-Based Medicine”. With regard to decisions issued by the court of the State of São Paulo, the search was done at the webpage and applying the same terms and criterion as to time. Next, a qualitative analysis of the decisions was conducted for each action, to verify if the patient/plaintiff’s situation, as well as the efficacy or inefficacy of treatments or drugs addressed in existing protocols were considered before the court granted the provision claimed by the plaintiff. Results In less than one-third of the decisions there was an appropriate discussion about efficacy of the procedure sought in court, in comparison to other procedures available in clinical guidelines adopted by the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) or by private health insurance plans, considering the individual situation. The majority of the decisions involved private health insurance plans (n=13, 68%). Conclusion The number of decisions that did consider scientific evidence and the peculiarities of each patient was a concern. Further discussion on Evidence-Based Medicine in judgments involving public healthcare are required.


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