Pneumoconioses

Oxford Textbook of Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0420 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 4219-4234

Author(s):

P.T. Reid

Keyword(s):

Total Mass ◽

Mineral Dust ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Respirable Dust ◽

Response Relationship ◽

Exposure Response ◽

Lung Structure ◽

Tissue Reactions ◽

Pathological Reaction

Pneumoconiosis describes the pathological reaction of the lung to inhaled dust, most often, but not exclusively, related to exposures occurring at work. It may be defined as a permanent alteration of lung structure due to the inhalation of mineral dust and the tissue reactions of the lung to its presence, excluding bronchitis and emphysema. The causes of pneumoconiosis are many and varied, but coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, and silicosis are most common. Many epidemiological studies have shown an exposure–response relationship between the total mass of respirable dust to which workers have been exposed and their risk of developing disease. These form the basis of regulations specifying limits to permitted levels of exposure. Workers who develop pneumoconiosis as a consequence of their employment may be entitled to compensation in some countries.

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Pneumoconioses

Oxford Textbook of Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.1813_update_001 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 3414-3424

Author(s):

A. Seaton ◽

P. Reid

Keyword(s):

Total Mass ◽

Mineral Dust ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Lung Damage ◽

Respirable Dust ◽

Response Relationship ◽

Exposure Response ◽

Lung Structure ◽

Tissue Reactions ◽

Pathological Reaction

Pneumoconiosis describes the pathological reaction of the lung to inhaled dust, which is most frequently, but not necessarily, one of fibrosis, and most often, but not exclusively, related to exposures occurring at work. It may be more formally defined as a permanent alteration of lung structure due to the inhalation of mineral dust and the tissue reactions of the lung to its presence, excluding bronchitis and emphysema. Lung damage occurs when respirable dusts reach the acinus in sufficient quantity to overwhelm the normal phagoctyic and clearance mechanisms. The causes of pneumconiosis are many and varied, but many epidemiological studies have shown an exposure–response relationship between the total mass of respirable dust to which workers have been exposed and their risks of developing disease. These form the basis of regulations specifying limits to permitted levels of exposure. Workers, whose exposure results in pneumoconiosis, may be entitled to compensation in some countries....

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Exposure–Response Relationship and Doubling Risk Doses—A Systematic Review of Occupational Workload and Osteoarthritis of the Hip

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16193681 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (19) ◽

pp. 3681 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yi Sun ◽

Annette Nold ◽

Ulrich Glitsch ◽

Frank Bochmann

Keyword(s):

Hip Osteoarthritis ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Cumulative Exposure ◽

Quality Level ◽

Response Relationship ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Osteoarthritis Of The Hip ◽

Workplace Interventions ◽

Exposure Response ◽

Occupational Workload

In this review, we critically evaluated the evidence of exposure–response relationships between occupational workload and the risk of hip osteoarthritis. The existing evidence was evaluated in order for us to extrapolate possible doubling risk doses for hip osteoarthritis. Comprehensive searches for epidemiological studies of hip osteoarthritis and occupational workload were performed in literature databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Work and Google Scholar) and recent reviews up to February 2019. In total, 85 papers met the preliminary inclusion criteria, and 10 studies indicating an exposure-response relationship between occupational workload and hip osteoarthritis were identified. All studies were assessed on the basis of their study design, defined quality scores and relevant confounders considered. An exposure–response relationship between heavy lifting and the risk of hip osteoarthritis is consistently observed among the male populations but not among the female populations. We quantified the doubling risk doses in two studies in which both an exposure–response relationship and cumulative exposure doses were stated. These two studies provided the highest quality level of all studies published to date. The estimated doubling risk doses in these two studies lie between 14,761 and 18,550 tons (daily lifting 2.2–2.8 tons, 220 days/year for 30 years). These results can be used for workplace interventions to prevent hip osteoarthritis.

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Is bullying in adolescence associated with the development of depressive symptoms in adulthood?: A longitudinal cohort study

BMC Psychology ◽

10.1186/s40359-020-00491-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Trine Nøhr Winding ◽

Lisbeth Astrid Skouenborg ◽

Vibeke Lie Mortensen ◽

Johan Hviid Andersen

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Response Relationship ◽

Exposure Response ◽

Being Bullied

Abstract Background Being bullied in adolescence is linked to mental health problems like anxiety, depressive- and somatic symptoms and can have negative consequences on both an individual and a societal level. However, evidence regarding the long-term mental health consequences of bullying in adolescence is limited. The aim of this study was to examine whether being bullied at age 15 or 18 was associated with experiencing depressive symptoms at age 28, and to examine whether being bullied at both ages 15 and 18 increased the risk of experiencing depressive symptoms at age 28. Methods A prospective cohort study, which applied data from the West Jutland Cohort Study, was conducted. Bullying and depressive symptoms were measured on the basis of self-reported data from surveys in 2004, 2007 and 2017. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. A total of 1790 participants were included in the study, and analyzed by multiple logistic regressions. Results The results showed associations between being bullied at age 15 or 18 and the reporting of depressive symptoms at age 28 when adjusted for potential confounders. An exposure–response relationship was seen in those who were bullied at both ages 15 and 18. This group had the highest risk of developing depressive symptoms at age 28. Conclusions Being bullied in adolescence was associated with developing depressive symptoms in adulthood and there was an exposure–response relationship between being bullied over time and the later reporting of depressive symptoms. The results highlight the need to provide more detailed information to schools and local communities about the negative consequences of bullying. Such increased awareness may help reduce the risk of young people developing depressive symptoms later in life.

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The Effect of an Alternative Definition of “Percent Highly Annoyed” on the Exposure–Response Relationship: Comparison of Noise Annoyance Responses Measured by ICBEN 5-Point Verbal and 11-Point Numerical Scales

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18126258 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 6258

Author(s):

Makoto Morinaga ◽

Thu Lan Nguyen ◽

Shigenori Yokoshima ◽

Koji Shimoyama ◽

Takashi Morihara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sound Pressure ◽

Response Relationship ◽

Alternative Definition ◽

Exposure Response ◽

Noise Annoyance ◽

Numerical Scale ◽

Verbal Scale ◽

Sound Pressure Levels ◽

Acoustic Surveys ◽

Definition Of

Since the development of the 5-point verbal and 11-point numerical scales for measuring noise annoyance by the ICBEN Team 6, these scales have been widely used in socio-acoustic surveys worldwide, and annoyance responses have been easily compared internationally. However, both the top two categories of the 5–point verbal scale and the top three ones of the 11-point numerical scale are correspond to high annoyance, so it is difficult to precisely compare annoyance responses. Therefore, we calculated differences in day–evening–night-weighted sound pressure levels (Lden) by comparing values corresponding to 10% highly annoyed (HA) on Lden_%HA curves obtained from measurements in 40 datasets regarding surveys conducted in Japan and Vietnam. The results showed that the Lden value corresponding to 10% HA using the 5-point verbal scale was approximately 5 dB lower than that of the 11-point numerical scale. Thus, some correction is required to compare annoyance responses measured by the 5-point verbal and the 11-point numerical scales. The results of this study were also compared with those of a survey in Switzerland.

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Exposure–Response Analysis for Selection of Optimal Dosage Regimen of Anifrolumab in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Rheumatology ◽

10.1093/rheumatology/keab176 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yen Lin Chia ◽

Linda Santiago ◽

Bing Wang ◽

Denison Kuruvilla ◽

Shiliang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type I Interferon ◽

Drug Clearance ◽

Optimal Dosage ◽

Type I ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Response Relationship ◽

Phase 3 ◽

Optimal Dosage Regimen ◽

Exposure Response ◽

Selection Of

Abstract Objectives The randomized, double-blind, phase 2 b MUSE study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the type I interferon receptor antibody anifrolumab (300 mg or 1000 mg every 4 weeks) compared with placebo for 52 weeks in patients with chronic, moderate to severe SLE. Characterizing the exposure–response relationship of anifrolumab in MUSE will enable selection of its optimal dosage regimen in two phase 3 studies in patients with SLE. Methods The exposure–response relationship, pharmacokinetics (PK), and SLE Responder Index (SRI[4]) efficacy data were analysed using a population approach. A dropout hazard function was also incorporated into the SRI(4) model to describe the voluntary patient withdrawals during the 1-year treatment period. Results The population PK model found that type I IFN test–high patients, and patients with a higher body weight, had significantly greater clearance of anifrolumab. Stochastic clinical simulations demonstrated that doses <300 mg would lead to a greater-than-proportional reduction in drug exposure owing to type I interferon alpha receptor–mediated drug clearance (antigen-sink effect, more rapid drug clearance at lower concentrations) and suboptimal SRI(4) responses with wider confidence intervals. Conclusions Based on PK, efficacy, and safety considerations, anifrolumab 300 mg every 4 weeks was recommended as the optimal dosage for pivotal phase 3 studies in patients with SLE.

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