Intellectual disability (mental retardation)

2017 ◽  
pp. 485-512
Author(s):  
Paul Harrison ◽  
Philip Cowen ◽  
Tom Burns ◽  
Mina Fazel
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Mild Intellectual Disability ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Challenging Behaviours

‘Intellectual disabilities’ covers the life course, with a focus on the assessment and treatment of the intellectual disabilities at younger ages. This chapter outlines current understanding of the aetiology of the more common intellectual disabilities. The clinical features are discussed for severe/profound, moderate, and mild intellectual disability, and the more common psychiatric presentations for those with intellectual disabilities. Mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and dementia are discussed in greater detail, as are the more common presentations of intellectual disability, with sections on Down’s syndrome and fragile X. The importance of prevention of mental health problems and better understanding and management of more challenging behaviours are discussed alongside other treatments for psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of interventions for adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities and mental health problems: systematic review and meta-analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 209 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Koslowski ◽  
Kristina Klein ◽  
Katrin Arnold ◽  
Markus Kösters ◽  
Matthias Schützwohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
System Level ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Moderate Intellectual Disability

BackgroundThere is a lack of available evidence in relation to the effectiveness of interventions for adults with mild to moderate intellectual disability and mental health problems.AimsTo evaluate the efficacy of interventions for adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities and co-occurring mental health problems.MethodAn electronic literature search of the databases Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO and EBM Reviews aimed at identifying randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled trials testing any type of intervention (psychotherapy, biological or system level) for people with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities (IQ score 35–69) targeting comorbid mental health problems. Additionally a meta-analysis was conducted.ResultsTwelve studies met the inclusion criteria. No significant effect was found for the predefined outcome domains behavioural problems, depression, anxiety, quality of life and functioning. The effect size for depression (d = 0.49) was moderate but non-significant. Quality of studies was moderate and heterogeneity was high.ConclusionsThere is no compelling evidence supporting interventions aiming at improving mental health problems in people with mild to moderate intellectual disability. The number of available trials is too low for definite conclusions. Some interventions are promising and should be evaluated further in larger and more rigorous trials.

Antipsychotic prescribing for patients with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Elhusein ◽  
Yassin Eltorki ◽  
Oraib Abdallah ◽  
Mohamed El Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Challenging Behaviour ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antipsychotic Prescribing ◽  
Challenging Behaviours ◽  
Audit Standards

Purpose Review of antipsychotic prescribing practices, rationale and follow-up using an internationally standardized audit can be an effective tool to encourage and monitor best practices. The purpose of this study is to audit the current prescribing pattern for people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours in Qatar. Design/methodology/approach This study was based on the challenging behaviour management guidelines recommended by the Royal College of Psychiatrists. All current electronic medical records in the Mental Health Service-Hamad Medical Corporation were examined to identify patients with intellectual disabilities who received antipsychotics for challenging behaviour. Demographic variables, such as age, sex and nationality, were collected. In addition, details of psychiatric diagnoses, prescribed psychotropic medications and diagnoses of epilepsy were also collected. For patients who were prescribed antipsychotic medication, the clinical rationale for such medication was collected along with evidence of side effect monitoring to allow performance against the audit standards to be measured. Findings This is the first audit on prescribing practices in people with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour in the state of Qatar. The results of this study regarding the pattern of prescribing practices for patients with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour reflect the limitation in knowledge and experience among non-specialist practitioners within mental health service. The result may be helpful to support the development of specialist service provision to improve the care for such vulnerable group. The result may also help other medical centres and clinicians by providing an improved understanding of possible deviations from the best medical practices. Originality/value This is the first audit on prescribing practices in people with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour in the state of Qatar. The study is also noteworthy as, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is one of only a few studies on antipsychotic prescribing for patients with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour in the Middle East; therefore, it will be useful in raising awareness and promoting the best practices in the Middle East region. This study is also among the first few studies that were designed based on the four audit standards by the Royal College of Psychiatrists in this area.

scholarly journals Interface between Intellectual Disability and Mental Health: hermeneutic review

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Togni de Lima e Silva Surjus ◽  
Rosana Teresa Onocko Campos
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Dual Diagnosis ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Intellectual Deficiencies

A literature review was conducted aiming to understand the interface between the Intellectual Disability and Mental Health fields and to contribute to mitigating the path of institutionalizing individuals with intellectual deficiencies. The so-called dual diagnosis phenomenon remains underestimated in Brazil but is the object of research and specific public policy internationally. This phenomenon alerts us to the prevalence of mental health problems in those with intellectual disabilities, limiting their social inclusion. The findings reinforce the importance of this theme and indicate possible diagnostic invisibility of the development of mental illness in those with intellectual disabilities in Brazil, which may contribute to sustaining psychiatric institutionalization of this population. 

Clinical needs and outcomes of adults with intellectual disabilities accessing an inpatient assessment and treatment service and the implication for development of community services

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daljit Sandhu ◽  
Rose Tomlins
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Inpatient Service ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Mild Intellectual Disability ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

The role and future of assessment and treatment units for people with intellectual disabilities is once again the focus of debate and government policy. Reviewing the admissions to inpatient services can provide useful information about the characteristics, needs and clinical outcomes of clients. Data were collected retrospectively for all 36 referrals accepted to an inpatient assessment and treatment unit for people with intellectual disability, between January 2013 and April 2014. Clinical and demographic characteristics of service users were identified through descriptive analysis. Male service users, mild intellectual disability and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder were frequent, and a high proportion of admissions had complex and multiple needs. The Health of the Nation Outcome Scale–Intellectual Disabilities was used as a clinical outcome measure. We conclude with recommendations for service development following closure of our inpatient service.

scholarly journals Preventing ‘deaths by indifference’: identification of reasonable adjustments is key

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Tuffrey-Wijne ◽  
Sheila Hollins
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

SummaryPeople with intellectual disabilities are at risk of premature death due to failings in healthcare provision. To prevent this, it is important for healthcare services to identify and flag not only vulnerable conditions (including intellectual disability, dementia and mental health problems), but also the specific adjustments needed by individual patients.

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