Basic sciences in obstetrics and gynaecology

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-32
Author(s):  
Stergios Doumouchtsis
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Basic Sciences ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynaecology ◽  
And Function

This chapter provides up-to-date information on a series of subjects covering a wide spectrum of basic sciences and selected topics with relevance to various clinical practice areas in obstetrics and gynaecology. It is not possible to provide a completely comprehensive cover of all areas of basic sciences within a book chapter, but the subjects explored here include the structure and function of the genome ovulation and ovarian function, fertilization and implantation, embryology, pathology, microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, physiology, endocrinology, pharmacology, and physics (including imaging techniques). Some of these topics are discussed in more detail in other chapters in this textbook. Key knowledge is presented using simple and concise definitions for quick reference along with tables and diagrams.

scholarly journals Everything you wanted to know about neuroimaging and psychiatry, but were afraid to ask

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Martinelli ◽  
Sukhwinder S. Shergill
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Everyday Clinical Practice ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

SummaryRecent years have seen a dramatic increase in the advances and applications of medical imaging techniques. Tools with familiar acronyms such as MRI, EEG/MEG and PET/SPECT have provided invaluable information not only about the brain structure and function associated with psychiatric disorders, but increasingly about the mechanisms underpinning these disorders. This evolving understanding of the specific pathophysiology of mental disorder paves the way for improvement in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the disorders managed in everyday clinical practice. This article gives an overview of the main neuroimaging approaches, contemporary applications of this technology to psychiatric disorder and signposts to the exciting possibilities for the future.

scholarly journals Dehiscences and fenestrations: methodological care necessary to avoid errors in diagnosis and measurement

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Alberto Consolaro
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
And Function ◽  
Low Prevalence

ABSTRACT The low prevalence of gingival recessions observed in orthodontic clinical practice may be assigned to the fact that in studies in which dehiscences and bone fenestrations are described as frequent, they were diagnosed based on: 1) dry skull studies; 2) areas with periosteal reflection together with flap; and 3) imaging techniques with low sensitivity to detect these defects, which have a delicate structure and function. In areas of pseudo-dehiscences and fenestrations, the periosteum and the alveolar cortical bone are very thin; also, they either have been removed during preparation of the dry specimens in the areas for analysis, or, alternatively, have not been investigated using an ideal imaging method.

Normal ageing and the brain

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
CS Breathnach
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Cell Shrinkage ◽  
Ageing Processes ◽  
Normal Ageing ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ageing Brain ◽  
The Brain

AbstractInterest in the psychiatric aspects of old age predated the institution of geriatrics as a clinical discipline, but the systematic study of the ageing brain only began in the second half of this century when an ageing population presented a global numerical challenge to society. In the senescent cerebral cortex, though the number of neurons is not reduced, cell shrinkage results in synaptic impoverishment with consequent cognitive impairment. Recent advances in imaging techniques, combined with burgeoning knowledge of neurobiological structure and function, have increased our understanding of the ageing processes in the human brain and permit an optimistic approach in the application of the newer insights into neuropsychology and geriatric psychiatry.

Respiratory muscle imaging by ultrasound and MRI in neuromuscular disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 2100137
Author(s):  
Jeroen L.M. van Doorn ◽  
Francesca Pennati ◽  
Hendrik H.G. Hansen ◽  
Baziel G.M. van Engelen ◽  
Andrea Aliverti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Neuromuscular Disorders ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Muscle Structure ◽  
Respiratory Management ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
And Function

Respiratory muscle weakness is common in neuromuscular disorders and leads to significant respiratory difficulties. Therefore, reliable and easy assessment of respiratory muscle structure and function in neuromuscular disorders is crucial. In the last decade, ultrasound and MRI emerged as promising imaging techniques to assess respiratory muscle structure and function. Respiratory muscle imaging directly measures the respiratory muscles and, in contrast to pulmonary function testing, is independent of patient effort. This makes respiratory muscle imaging suitable to use as tool in clinical respiratory management and as outcome parameter in upcoming drug trials for neuromuscular disorders, particularly in children. In this narrative review, we discuss the latest studies and technological developments in imaging of the respiratory muscles by US and MR, and its clinical application and limitations. We aim to increase understanding of respiratory muscle imaging and facilitate its use as outcome measure in daily practice and clinical trials.

Illuminating the Monuments: Observation and Speculation on the Structure and Function of the Cairns at Balnuaran of Clava

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Trevarthen
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Psychological Factor ◽  
Structural Relationship ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Shadow Casting ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
And Function ◽  
Colour Classes

The cairns at Balnuaran of Clava show a structural relationship to the annual cycle, most clearly in their alignment on Midwinter sunset. The stones used in their construction fall into simple colour classes: ‘red’, ‘white’ and ‘black’. All three, but especially the black, appear to show selective arrangement in the cairns. A preliminary study of the relationships between the position of coloured stones and certain solar alignments, using both direct opposition and shadow casting, indicates that choice of colour may have been a significant factor in the positioning of stones within the monuments. Moreover the three colours seem to show a consistent pattern of meaning across a wide spectrum of cultures, which may imply a universal psychological factor in their symbolic use.

scholarly journals Hope: Concerning structure and function

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMON WEIN
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
And Function ◽  
Unproven Therapies

There is little convincing agreement in the literature on the definition, measurement, and application of hope. The usual platitude—where there's life, there's hope—does not clarify the confusion, and clinical practice puts paid to a simplistic approach to hope.A 28 year-old man with widespread melanoma is hoping the doctor will offer him a new treatment. He hopes he will marry and have a family. The hopes to us are unrealistic—but for him they are tangible, the stuff of life, the dreams that keep him going. What should clinicians do with this man's hopes? Should we support him medically, for the sake of hope? Does hoping prolong life against death? Should we encourage unproven therapies as elixirs of hope? When hope clashes with reality and causes angst, is it better to jettison hope, or reality? What does acceptance of death mean in terms of hope? What can it mean to live without hope?

scholarly journals Differences between psychopathy and other personality disorders: evidence from neuroimaging

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagari Sarkar ◽  
Ben S. Clark ◽  
Quinton Deeley
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cluster B Personality Disorders ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
And Function ◽  
Limbic Regions

SummaryICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR diagnostic guidelines do not list psychopathy as a distinct psychiatric entity. However, there are significant overlaps between psychopathy and DSM-IV-TR Cluster B personality disorders. Neuroimaging studies implicate deficits in structure and function of frontal and limbic regions in this group of personality disorders, while highlighting both distinctions and overlaps between syndromes. Here, these data are reviewed and implications for diagnosis and clinical practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Neuroimaging in psychiatry: bringing neuroscience into clinical practice

2012 ◽  
Vol 201 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cognition And Emotion ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Function

SummaryThe past 20 years have seen a remarkable development of neuroimaging methodologies that allow fine-tuned examination of abnormalities in the structure and function of neural circuitry, supporting cognition and emotion in individuals with psychiatric disorders. This editorial highlights the potential of neuroimaging to address major challenges in psychiatric clinical practice.

scholarly journals Deficit in PINK1/PARKIN-mediated mitochondrial autophagy at late stages of dystrophic cardiomyopathy

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chifei Kang ◽  
Myriam A Badr ◽  
Viktoriia Kyrychenko ◽  
Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen ◽  
Natalia Shirokova
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Cardiac Complications ◽  
Mdx Mice ◽  
Defective Structure ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Dystrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
And Function

Abstract Aims Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited devastating muscle disease with severe and often lethal cardiac complications. Emerging evidence suggests that the evolution of the pathology in DMD is accompanied by the accumulation of mitochondria with defective structure and function. Here, we investigate whether defects in the housekeeping autophagic pathway contribute to mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunctions in dystrophic cardiomyopathy. Methods and results We employed various biochemical and imaging techniques to assess mitochondrial structure and function as well as to evaluate autophagy, and specific mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), in hearts of mdx mice, an animal model of DMD. Our results indicate substantial structural damage of mitochondria and a significant decrease in ATP production in hearts of mdx animals, which developed cardiomyopathy. In these hearts, we also detected enhanced autophagy but paradoxically, mitophagy appeared to be suppressed. In addition, we found decreased levels of several proteins involved in the PINK1/PARKIN mitophagy pathway as well as an insignificant amount of PARKIN protein phosphorylation at the S65 residue upon induction of mitophagy. Conclusions Our results suggest faulty mitophagy in dystrophic hearts due to defects in the PINK1/PARKIN pathway.

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