Transoesophageal: Chambers and vessels

2020 ◽  
pp. 493-542
Keyword(s):  
Left Atrial ◽  
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Transoesophageal Echocardiography ◽  
Pleural Space ◽  
Intramural Haematoma ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Aortic Transection ◽  
And Function ◽  
Right Atria

This chapter covers the chambers and vessels in transoesophageal echocardiography. It includes the left and right ventricles (size, mass, and function); the left and right atria, including the left atrial appendage; the pulmonary veins; the coronary sinus; the interatrial and interventricular septa; the pericardium and pericardial effusion; cardiac tamponade; the aorta (size, atherosclerosis, and dissection); intramural haematoma; aortic transection; thoracic aortic aneurysm; masses; pleural space and lungs; and implanted devices.

A method to study pulmonary vascular response in the conscious newborn piglet

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. Coe ◽  
P. M. Olley ◽  
F. Hamilton ◽  
T. Vanhelder ◽  
F. Coceani
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Newborn Piglet ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Neck Vessels ◽  
Chronic Cannulation ◽  
Right Atria

New methods for chronic instrumentation of the newborn piglet are described, which allow continuous monitoring of not only pressures in the pulmonary artery and aorta but also in the left and right atria, pulmonary vein, as well as main branch pulmonary artery flows. Changes in pulmonary vascular tone to short-acting vasoactive agents can be recognized by redistribution of flow between lungs and localized to the precapillary vessels or pulmonary veins. Furthermore, vasoactive response in small pulmonary veins may be investigated as well as selective metabolic studies across the right lung. Methods are also described for the chronic cannulation of the neck vessels permitting repeated introduction of catheters on separate study days in the conscious piglet. The pulmonary circulation of the piglet constricts briskly to moderate hypoxemia ([Formula: see text], 1 Torr = 133.32 Pa) with little change in cardiac output or systemic resistance. The piglet demonstrated responses to dilator and constrictor prostaglandins generally similar to the lambs and other species. None of these agents significantly affect pulmonary venous tone.

Comparison of time- and voltage-dependent K+ currents in myocytes from left and right atria of adult mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (5) ◽  
pp. H1837-H1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan E. Lomax ◽  
Colleen S. Kondo ◽  
Wayne R. Giles
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Atrial Myocytes ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Atria

Consistent differences in K+ currents in left and right atria of adult mouse hearts have been identified by the application of current- and voltage-clamp protocols to isolated single myocytes. Left atrial myocytes had a significantly ( P < 0.05) larger peak outward K+ current density than myocytes from the right atrium. Detailed analysis revealed that this difference was due to the rapidly activating sustained K+ current, which is inhibited by 100 μM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP); this current was almost three times larger in the left atrium than in the right atrium. Accordingly, 100 μM 4-AP caused a significantly ( P < 0.05) larger increase in action potential duration in left than in right atrial myocytes. Inward rectifier K+ current density was also significantly ( P < 0.05) larger in left atrial myocytes. There was no difference in the voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ current between left and right atria. As expected from this voltage-clamp data, the duration of action potentials recorded from single myocytes was significantly ( P < 0.05) shorter in myocytes from left atria, and left atrial tissue was found to have a significantly ( P < 0.05) shorter effective refractory period than right atrial tissue. These results reveal similarities between mice and other mammalian species where the left atrium repolarizes more quickly than the right, and provide new insight into cellular electrophysiological mechanisms responsible for this difference. These findings, and previous results, suggest that the atria of adult mice may be a suitable model for detailed studies of atrial electrophysiology and pharmacology under control conditions and in the context of induced atrial rhythm disturbances.

Atrial fibrillation, cardiogenic embolism, and tumors

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 493-496
Author(s):  
Bogdan A. Popescu ◽  
Maria-Magdalena Gurzun ◽  
Carmen Ginghina
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Transthoracic Echocardiography ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Transoesophageal Echocardiography ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Atrial Size ◽  
Valvular Function ◽  
Systolic And Diastolic Function ◽  
And Function

Transthoracic echocardiography is recommended in patients with atrial fibrillation (class IC indication). It can identify cardiac structural and functional changes responsible for or related to atrial fibrillation. Echocardiography is used in patients with atrial fibrillation to assess left and right atrial size and function, left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, left ventricular filling pressures, valvular function, right ventricular function, and the pericardium. The data obtained by echocardiography is used to predict the risk of atrial fibrillation, the embolic risk in patients with atrial fibrillation, the feasibility of cardioversion, and the maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion. While for left atrial size and function assessment transthoracic echocardiography is the modality most often used, the accurate evaluation of the left atrial appendage requires transoesophageal echocardiography.

Levosimendan differentially modulates electrophysiological activities of sinoatrial nodes, pulmonary veins, and the left and right atria

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1150-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-Kuo Lin ◽  
Yao-Chang Chen ◽  
Yi-Ann Chen ◽  
Jen-Hung Huang ◽  
Shih-Ann Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Sinoatrial Nodes ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Right Atria

Active and passive components of pulmonary vascular response to vasoactive drugs in the dog

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (6) ◽  
pp. 1193-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Feeley ◽  
T. David Lee ◽  
William R. Milnor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Flow ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Pleural Space ◽  
Vascular Response ◽  
Passive Components ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Volume ◽  
Isolated Lung ◽  
Hemodynamic Measurements

Pulmonary blood volume was altered by intravenous infusion of selected drugs. To determine whether these alterations were the result of active changes in pulmonary vascular distensibility or were simply passive, simultaneous hemodynamic measurements were made, including pulmonary blood flow, vascular resistance, and pressures in pulmonary artery, left atrium, small pulmonary veins, and pleural space. In most instances it was necessary to postulate a mixture of active and passive events to account for the results. Epinephrine and norepinephrine elevated left atrial pressure and thus led to passive distention of the pulmonary bed (mean pulmonary blood volume increment, closed chest: epinephrine + 2.6 ml/kg, or 24%; norepinephrine + 2.7 ml/kg, or 25%), in spite of the stiffening and vasoconstrictive effects previously demonstrated in the isolated lung. Isoproterenol increased the volume (+3.4 ml/kg, 31%) and lowered the resistance of the bed by increasing its distensibility, effects sometimes re-enforced by a rise in pressure secondary to increased output. Histamine produced active pulmonary venoconstriction, with passive distention upstream, so that net changes in volume and resistance were variable.

Left atrial septal pouch in a six-year-old child: echocardiographic and magnetic resonance view

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Salvatore Caputo ◽  
Annalisa Silvestri ◽  
Guido Rocchi
Keyword(s):  
Transthoracic Echocardiography ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Interatrial Septum ◽  
Foramen Ovale ◽  
Heart Malformation ◽  
Child Patient ◽  
Septum Primum ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Right Atria

Abstract In a 6-year-old child patient, transthoracic echocardiography revealed a large saccular structure (with anechogenic content) in the left atrium, near the fossa ovalis, and diagnosis of the left atrial septal pouch was made. The left atrial septal pouch is a kangaroo pouch-like structure on the left side of the interatrial septum, opened into the left atrial cavity without a connection between the left and right atria. It occurs when the foramen ovale is absent but the septum primum and septum secundum are only partially fused. The left atrial septal pouch is believed to be present in 47% of population. In many cases, the pocket on the atrial septum is small and it could not be detected by transthoracic echocardiography. Our description is uncommon because we diagnosed a very large septal pouch. Based on our knowledge, this is the youngest reported case of the left atrial septal pouch and the longest follow-up described in this type of congenital heart malformation.

scholarly journals Little variation in the morphology of the atria across 13 orders of birds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelle G. H. Kroneman ◽  
Jaeike W. Faber ◽  
Claudia F. Wolschrijn ◽  
Vincent M. Christoffels ◽  
Bjarke Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Cardiac Performance ◽  
Cardiac Structure ◽  
Passerine Birds ◽  
Multiple Features ◽  
Atrioventricular Junction ◽  
Left And Right

AbstractMammals and birds acquired high performance hearts and endothermy during their independent evolution from amniotes with many reptile characters. A literature review shows that the variation in atrial morphology is greater in mammals than in ectothermic reptiles. We therefore hypothesized that the transition from ectothermy to endothermy associated with greater variation in cardiac structure. We tested the hypothesis in birds, by assessing the variation in 15 characters in hearts from 13 orders of birds. Hearts were assessed by gross morphology and histology, and we focused on the atria as they have multiple features that lend themselves to quantification. We found bird hearts to have multiple features in common with ectothermic reptiles (synapomorphies), for instance the presence of three sinus horns. Convergent features were shared with crocodylians and mammals, such as the cranial offset of the left atrioventricular junction. Other convergent features like the compact organization of the atrial walls were shared with mammals only. Sinus myocardium expressing Isl1 was node-like (Mallard), thickened (chicken), or anatomically indistinct from surrounding myocardium (Lesser redpoll). Some features were distinctively avian (apomorphies), including the presence of a left atrial antechamber, and the ventral merger of the left and right atrium, which was found in parrots and passerine birds. Most features, however, exhibited little variation. For instance, there were always three systemic veins and two pulmonary veins, whereas among mammals there are 2-3 and 1-7, respectively. Our findings suggest that the transition to high cardiac performance does not necessarily lead to greater variation in cardiac structure.

scholarly journals Role of transoesophageal echocardiography in evaluating the effect of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation on anatomy and function of the pulmonary veins

EP Europace ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1079-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. De Piccoli ◽  
A. Rossillo ◽  
C. Zanella ◽  
A. Bonso ◽  
S. Themistoclakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Catheter Ablation ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Transoesophageal Echocardiography ◽  
And Function

Evaluation of left atrial size and function – from M-mode to 3D speckle-tracking echocardiography

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (41) ◽  
pp. 1624-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Nemes ◽  
Tamás Forster
Keyword(s):  
Left Atrium ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Left Atrial Size ◽  
Dynamic Motion ◽  
Heart Chamber ◽  
Atrial Size ◽  
Exact Measurement ◽  
Heart Cycle ◽  
And Function

Left atrium is not a passive heart chamber, because it has a dynamic motion respecting heart cycle and, in accordance with its stretching, it releases atrial natriuretic peptides. Since in the course of certain invasive procedures the size of left atrium may change substantially, its exact measurement and functional characterization are essential. The aim of the present review is to summarize echocardiographic methods for the assessment of left atrial size and functional parameters. Orv. Hetil., 2014. 155(41), 1624–1631.

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