Mental health and psychiatric disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 398-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J.L. Heron ◽  
Neil Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
The Uk

Mental health disorders significantly impact well-being and productivity in the working age population. They affect around 17% of the population and their economic cost has been estimated at £70 billion or 4.5% of gross domestic product in the UK. Mental health conditions are a leading cause of sickness absence with 70 million working days lost per year. Over half of disabled people who are out of work have a mental health and/or musculoskeletal disorder as their main health condition. This chapter considers how work and mental health interrelate, how employers can ensure that their workforce mental health needs are managed, opportunities for productivity maximized, and psychiatric morbidity minimized.

scholarly journals Mental health and well-being trends among children and young people in the UK, 1995–2014: analysis of repeated cross-sectional national health surveys

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (08) ◽  
pp. 1275-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Pitchforth ◽  
Katie Fahy ◽  
Tamsin Ford ◽  
Miranda Wolpert ◽  
Russell M. Viner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Young People ◽  
General Health ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
The Uk ◽  
National Health Surveys

AbstractBackgroundThere is a growing concern about the mental health of children and young people (CYP) in the UK, with increasing demand for counselling services, admissions for self-harm and referrals to mental health services. We investigated whether there have been similar recent trends in selected mental health outcomes among CYP in national health surveys from England, Scotland and Wales.MethodsData were analysed from 140 830 participants (4–24 years, stratified into 4–12, 13–15, 16–24 years) in 36 national surveys in England, Scotland and Wales, 1995–2014. Regression models were used to examine time trends in seven parent/self-reported variables: general health, any long-standing health condition, long-standing mental health condition; Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Score (WEMWBS), above-threshold Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Total (SDQT) score, SDQ Emotion (SDQE) score, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) score.ResultsAcross all participants aged 4–24, long-standing mental health conditions increased in England (0.8–4.8% over 19 years), Scotland (2.3–6.0%, 11 years) and Wales (2.6–4.1%, 7 years) (all p < 0.001). Among young children (4–12 years), the proportion reporting high SDQT and SDQE scores decreased significantly among both boys and girls in England [SDQE: odds ratio (OR) 0.97 (0.96–0.98), p < 0.001] and girls in Scotland [SDQE: OR 0.96 (0.93–0.99), p = 0.005]. The proportion with high SDQE scores (13–15 years) decreased in England [OR 0.98 (0.96–0.99), p = 0.006] but increased in Wales [OR 1.07 (1.03–1.10), p < 0.001]. The proportion with high GHQ scores decreased among English women (16–24 years) [OR 0.98 (0.98–0.99), p = 0.002].ConclusionsDespite a striking increase in the reported prevalence of long-standing mental health conditions among UK CYP, there was relatively little change in questionnaire scores reflecting psychological distress and emotional well-being.

scholarly journals Health conditions, disability and economic inactivity in Northern Ireland. An administrative data study.

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Corina Miller ◽  
Dermot O’Reilly ◽  
David Wright ◽  
Foteini Tseliou ◽  
Michael Rosato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Mental Health Conditions ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Uk

Background Northern Ireland consistently experiences a higher rate of economic inactivity compared to other regions of the UK, currently 27% of the working age population compared to 22% in the UK. Historically, the major variance in explaining higher NI economic inactivity rates has been larger proportions of long-term sick/disabled. Only 34.7% of the NI population with a disability are employed compared to 77.9% of the non-disabled population. Aim The aims were to explore the relationship between chronic health status and the labour-market in NI, and how receipt of DLA is associated with economic inactivity. Methods This study links the 2011-NI-Census records, DLA-dataset, death registrations for the Census population, settlement-band data, the Land and Property Service capital-valuation of property, and the NI-Multiple-Deprivation Measure. The economically active population was defined as all individuals that were either employed or unemployed but looking for a job at the time of the 2011-Census. Results Men with mental-health conditions reporting a lot of limitation in day-to-day activities are almost 51 times more likely to be economically inactive compared to men with no health condition (ORadj=50.99, 95%CI:46.8,55.6). Learning/mental-health conditions are more likely to be associated with economic inactivity in both women and men compared to physical health conditions, such as long-term pain, mobility or breathing difficulties. Individuals in receipt of DLA are more than twice as likely to be economically inactive as their peers who are not in receipt of DLA. Conclusion Individuals with mental-health conditions reporting a lot of limitation in day-to-day activities have the lowest rates of participation in the labour-market. A lot of limitation in the day-to-day activities appears to be strongly associated with economic inactivity regardless of the health condition. DLA uptake is associated with considerably reduced likelihood of being economically active overall while the health conditions underlying DLA uptake are strong barriers to access the labour-market in NI.

A descriptive study of mental health and burnout among Nigerian medical students

2021 ◽  
pp. 002076402110577
Author(s):  
Olatunde Olayinka Ayinde ◽  
Eniola Racheal Akinnuoye ◽  
Andrew Molodynski ◽  
Oliver Battrick ◽  
Oye Gureje
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Mental Health Conditions

Background: Increasing attention is being paid to medical students’ mental wellbeing globally due in part to their exposure to stressors inherent in medical education and the numerous reports of elevated rates of mental health conditions in this population. Aims: This study aimed to identify stressors and determine prevalence rates of psychiatric morbidity, substance use and burnout in a sample of Nigerian medical students. Methods: In a cross-sectional online survey, 505 medical students from 25 Nigerian medical schools completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, short version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the CAGE questionnaire and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI). Result: The most commonly reported sources of stress were study (75.6%), money (52.3%) and relationships (30.1%). Nine students (1.8%) had received a mental health diagnosis prior to medical school but this number had increased to 29 (5.7%) whilst in medical school, with the majority being cases of anxiety and depressive disorders. The prevalence of psychological distress was 54.5%, but <5% of affected students had received any help for their mental health conditions. Twenty five students (5%) met criteria for problematic alcohol use and 6% had used cannabis. The proportions of students who met criteria for disengagement and exhaustion domains of the OLBI were 84.6% and 77.0% respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of psychological distress and burnout is high among medical students. Interventions for medical students’ well-being should be tailored to their needs and should target risk factors related to personal, organisational and medical school academic structure attributes.

scholarly journals Yoga practice in the UK: a cross-sectional survey of motivation, health benefits and behaviours

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e031848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Cartwright ◽  
Heather Mason ◽  
Alan Porter ◽  
Karen Pilkington
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Yoga Practice ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Uk

ObjectivesDespite the popularity of yoga and evidence of its positive effects on physical and mental health, little is known about yoga practice in the UK. This study investigated the characteristics of people who practise yoga, reasons for initiating and maintaining practice, and perceived impact of yoga on health and well-being.Design, setting and participantsA cross-sectional online anonymous survey distributed through UK-based yoga organisations, studios and events, through email invites and flyers. 2434 yoga practitioners completed the survey, including 903 yoga teachers: 87% were women, 91% white and 71% degree educated; mean age was 48.7 years.Main outcome measuresPerceived impact of yoga on health conditions, health outcomes and injuries. Relationships between yoga practice and measures of health, lifestyle, stress and well-being.ResultsIn comparison with national population norms, participants reported significantly higher well-being but also higher anxiety; lower perceived stress, body mass index and incidence of obesity, and higher rates of positive health behaviours. 47% reported changing their motivations to practise yoga, with general wellness and fitness key to initial uptake, and stress management and spirituality important to current practice. 16% of participants reported starting yoga to manage a physical or mental health condition. Respondents reported the value of yoga for a wide range of health conditions, most notably for musculoskeletal and mental health conditions. 20.7% reported at least one yoga-related injury over their lifetime. Controlling for demographic factors, frequency of yoga practice accounted for small but significant variance in health-related regression models (p<0.001).ConclusionThe findings of this first detailed UK survey were consistent with surveys in other Western countries. Yoga was perceived to have a positive impact on physical and mental health conditions and was linked to positive health behaviours. Further investigation of yoga’s role in self-care could inform health-related challenges faced by many countries.

scholarly journals Wellbeing and mental health amongst medical students in Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 002076402110577
Author(s):  
Thomas Christopher Wilkes ◽  
Thomas Lewis ◽  
Mike Paget ◽  
Johanna Holm ◽  
Nancy Brager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Medical Student ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Core Study ◽  
The Uk

Research: There is abundant data revealing that there is significant rate of rates of Psychiatric morbidity, psychological stress, and burnout in the medical student population. A core study group in the UK collaborated with 12 countries around the world to review medical student wellness. In this context we surveyed 101 medical students at the Cummings medical school, Calgary, Canada during the height of the COVID pandemic regarding their wellbeing and mental health. Results/main findings: Prior to medical school 27% reported a diagnosis with a mental disorder. Whilst at medical school 21% reported a mental health condition, most commonly an anxiety disorder and or depressive disorder. The most commonly reported source of stress was study at 81%, the second being relationships at 62%, money stress was a significant source of stress for 35%, and finally 10% reported accommodation or housing as stressful. Interestingly only 14% tested CAGE positive but 20% of students reported having taken a non-prescription substance to feel better or regulate their mood. Seventy-five percent of medical students met specific case criteria for exhaustion on the Oldenburg Burnout inventory 74% met criteria for the GHQ questionnaire. Conclusions: These findings confirm that medical students are facing significant stressors during their training. These stressors include, in order of frequency, study, relational, financial, and accommodation issues. Nonprescription Substance use was a common finding as well as exhaustion and psychiatric morbidity. Future interventions pursued will have to address cultural issues as well as the organizational and individual determinates of stress.

scholarly journals The causal effects of transition into poverty on mental health in the UK working-age population

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R M Thomson ◽  
A Pearce ◽  
A Leyland ◽  
S V Katikireddi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Abstract Background Addressing the impact of poverty through income and welfare policies is likely important for public mental health; however, few studies assess potential effect size using causally-informed methodologies. To provide meaningful information for policymakers, we aimed to estimate the average treatment effect of transitioning into poverty on mental health. Methods We used data for working-age adults (aged 25-64) from nine waves of the nationally representative UK Household Longitudinal Survey (2009-2019, n = 39,553 obs=155,963). Exposure was transition into poverty (household equiv. income &lt;60% median). Outcome was score ≥4 on General Health Questionnaire-12, indicating likely common mental disorder (CMD). To minimise the influence of reverse causation and time-varying confounders we used a marginal structural modelling (MSM) approach to create inverse probability of treatment weights. We performed secondary analysis stratifying by sex, and calculated population attributable fractions for each model. Results Good balance of confounders was achieved between exposure groups. Experiencing new poverty was associated with increased odds of CMD (adjusted OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.24-1.42, p &lt; 0.001) with a 4.8% (3.6-6.0) absolute difference in prevalence: 24.0% vs 19.2%. There was a difference in relative effect by sex, with OR 1.40 (1.25-1.56, p &lt; 0.001) for men vs OR 1.28 (1.18-1.38, p &lt; 0.001) for women. However, there was no marked difference in absolute effect by sex: 4.9% (3.1-6.8) for men vs 4.5% (3.0-6.1) for women. For all analyses traditional logistic regression using the same confounders underestimated the effect in comparison with MSM. Conclusions Moving below the poverty line increased odds of CMD by 32.7% after accounting for confounding and reverse causality, with a greater relative impact on men. Our causal estimates suggest transition into poverty currently accounts for 10.7% of the burden of CMD in the UK working-age population - 8.9% for women and 13.1% for men. Key messages Reductions in household income worsen mental health, and traditional analytical approaches may be underestimating this causal relationship. Applying causal methodologies to observational data can provide exposure-outcome estimates less susceptible to common biases, which may be of more use to policymakers.

scholarly journals Maintaining employment and improving health

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Woodall ◽  
Kris Southby ◽  
Joanne Trigwell ◽  
Vanessa Lendzionowski ◽  
Rosana Rategh
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Job Retention ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mental Health Conditions ◽  
The Uk

Purpose A proportion of the working age population in the UK experience mental health conditions, with this group often facing significant challenges to retain their employment. As part of a broader political commitment to health and well-being at work, the use of job retention services have become part of a suite of interventions designed to support both employers and employees. While rigorous assessment of job retention programmes are lacking, the purpose of this paper is to examine the success of, and distils learning from, a job retention service in England. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative methodology was adopted for this research with semi-structured interviews considered an appropriate method to illuminate key issues. In total, 28 individuals were interviewed, including current and former service users, referrers, employers and job retention staff. Findings Without the support of the job retention service, employees with mental health conditions were reported unlikely to have been maintained their employment status. Additional benefits were also reported, including improved mental health outcomes and impacts on individuals’ personal life. Employers also reported positive benefits in engaging with the job retention service, including feeling better while being able to offer appropriate solutions that were mutually acceptable to the employee and the organisation. Originality/value Job retention programmes are under researched and little is known about their effectiveness and the mechanisms that support individuals at work with mental health conditions. This study adds to the existing evidence and suggests that such interventions are promising in supporting employees and employers.

A positive psychology study and intervention on the well-being of French PhD students in biology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Marais ◽  
Rebecca Shankland ◽  
Pascale Haag ◽  
Robin Fiault ◽  
Bridget Juniper
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Attrition Rates ◽  
Human Costs ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Health And Well Being

In France, little data are available on mental health and well-being in academia, and nothing has been published about PhD students. From studies abroad, we know that doing a PhD is a difficult experience resulting in high attrition rates with significant financial and human costs. Here we focused on PhD students in biology at university Lyon 1. A first study aimed at measuring the mental health and well-being of PhD students using several generalist and PhD-specific tools. Our results on 136 participants showed that a large fraction of the PhD students experience abnormal levels of stress, depression and anxiety, and their mean well-being score is significantly lower than that of a British reference sample. French PhD student well-being is specifically affected by career uncertainty, perceived lack of progress in the PhD and perceived lack of competence, which points towards possible cultural differences of experiencing a PhD in France and the UK. In a second study, we carried out a positive psychology intervention. Comparing the scores of the test and control groups showed a clear effect of the intervention on reducing anxiety. We discuss our results and the possible future steps to improve French PhD students’ well-being.

scholarly journals OP0082-PARE THE EFFECT COVID-19 HAS ON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH RHEUMATIC DISEASES. FROM DATA TO INTERVENTIONS.

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
S. Mingolla ◽  
A. Celano ◽  
M. Santopietro
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Rare Diseases ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Support Service ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
National Association ◽  
The Impact

Background:Covid-19 has had an important impact on the mental health conditions of over 5 million Italians suffering from one of the over 150 rheumatic diseases. In order to understand the psychological impact of the Covid-19 emergency and the restrictions imposed to counter it, the Italian National Association of People with Rheumatic and Rare Diseases – APMARR APS launched the research “Living with a rheumatic pathology”.Objectives:Gather data directly from Italian patients about the impact of the COVID-19 and consequent restrictions on their mental health and feelings; evaluate the most effective intervention to be implemented to face the pandemic by Patients organization.Methods:A qualitative-quantitative survey was carried out through a questionnaire administered throughout the national territory to a sample of N = 1,001 people. The people invited to complete the questionnaire were women (55,9%) and men (44,1%), aged 18-85 years (age 18-41=26,7%; age 42-65=64%; age >65=9,3%) with at least one rheumatic pathology. The questionnaire was made up of 39 questions, of which 29 were closed and 10 were open. For the administration of the questionnaires, the CAWI (Computer Aided Web Interview) methodology of on-line survey was used. The 1,001 interviews were carried out from 7 to 14 August 2020.Results:More than 4 out of 10 people (total sample 44.2%; male 60%, female 35,7%; age 18-41=39,1%; age 42-65=45,9%; age >65 = 50%) declared that the emergency period has somehow caused a worsening of their health condition. People declared that the deterioration of their health is due to the emergency period for the following reasons: 1) Psychological: such as stress and anxiety: “Too much stress and anxiety made the symptoms worse.”; “The stress of the quarantine affected my problem”; “Insomnia. Nervousness. General ailments. Depression. Strong stress” 2) Inability to perform physiotherapy and motor activities due to the lockdown 3) Postponement of examinations, visits and checks 4) remote working, in some cases described as harmful for people’s mental and physical health: “Due to Covid19 I had to do remote working and I worked even 12 hours a day including holidays to the detriment of my family life”.Furthermore, from January 31, 2020 a significant increase emerged in communication problems with rheumatology specialist compared to the period before the emergency due to Covid-19. The sharp increase may be due to the situation of severe psychological stress to which also the doctors were subjected in the emergency phase: people could not find the comfort of being empathically listened to.Conclusion:The research shows that the most frequent symptoms among people with rheumatic diseases were depression and high levels of anxiety due to strong emotional stress. Psychological malaise caused direct effects in worsening the symptoms of rheumatic disease as well as other related effects, for example, insomnia. The forced isolation due to the lockdown has made people lack the social support that is fundamental for the psychological well-being especially for those suffering from some chronic pathology. Starting from the data collected, APMARR promptly activated a completely free psychological support service with 6 professional psychologists, two of them specialized in emergency psychology. The service is accessible online and is still going on for all who are not able to overcome the anxiety and fear related to the pandemic and its evolution. Thousands of accesses to the service have been measured to date.References:S Mingolla1, A Celano1, M Santopietro2[1]NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PEOPLE WITH RHEUMATIC AND RARE DISEASES - APMARR APS[2]WeResearch. Ricerche di marketingDisclosure of Interests:None declared

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