Nursing patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

2009 ◽  
pp. 637-650
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Patient Education ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Continuing Care ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Nursing Assessment ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Introduction 638 Problems experienced by patients with HIV 639 Nursing assessment to establish HIV 640 Nursing problems 642 Psychosocial problems 646 Patient education 647 Discharge and continuing care 648 Common drugs used for patients with HIV 649 The term ‘HIV disease’ is used to cover the spectrum of illness (and wellness) of individuals diagnosed with HIV. More than 40 million people are HIV positive and more than half live in Africa (WHO 2004). There are two types of virus that produce similar illnesses; the most common is the retrovirus HIV-1....

scholarly journals Viral Interactions in Human Lymphoid Tissue: Human Herpesvirus 7 Suppresses the Replication of CCR5-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 via CD4 Modulation

2006 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 708-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Lisco ◽  
Jean-Charles Grivel ◽  
Angélique Biancotto ◽  
Christophe Vanpouille ◽  
Francesco Origgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is often accompanied by infection with other pathogens that affect the clinical course of HIV disease. Here, we identified another virus, human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) that interferes with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) replication in human lymphoid tissue, where critical events of HIV disease occur. Like the closely related HHV-6, HHV-7 suppresses the replication of CCR5-tropic (R5) HIV-1 in coinfected blocks of human lymphoid tissue. Unlike HHV-6, which affects HIV-1 by upregulating RANTES, HHV-7 did not upregulate any CCR5-binding chemokine. Rather, the inhibition of R5 HIV-1 by HHV-7 was associated with a marked downregulation of CD4, the cellular receptor shared by HHV-7 and HIV-1. HHV-7-induced CD4 downregulation was sufficient for HIV-1 inhibition, since comparable downregulation of CD4 with cyclotriazadisulfonamide, a synthetic macrocycle that specifically modulates expression of CD4, resulted in the suppression of HIV infection similar to that seen in HHV-7-infected tissues. In contrast to R5 HIV-1, CXCR4-tropic (X4) HIV-1 was only minimally suppressed by HHV-7 coinfection. This selectivity in suppression of R5 and X4 HIV-1 is explained by a suppression of HHV-7 replication in X4- but not in R5-coinfected tissues. These results suggest that HIV-1 and HHV-7 may interfere in lymphoid tissue in vivo, thus potentially affecting the progression of HIV-1 disease. Knowledge of the mechanisms of interaction of HIV-1 with HHV-7, as well as with other pathogens that modulate HIV-1 replication, may provide new insights into HIV pathogenesis and lead to the development of new anti-HIV therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Rapid Assay for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Group M, HIV-1 Group O, and HIV-2

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 3657-3661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana S. Vallari ◽  
Robert K. Hickman ◽  
John R. Hackett ◽  
Catherine A. Brennan ◽  
Vincent A. Varitek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Rapid Assay ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Seropositive ◽  
Hiv 1

A rapid immunodiagnostic test that detects and discriminates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections on the basis of viral type, HIV type 1 (HIV-1) group M, HIV-1 group O, or HIV-2, was developed. The rapid assay for the detection of HIV (HIV rapid assay) was designed as an instrument-free chromatographic immunoassay that detects immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to HIV. To assess the performance of the HIV rapid assay, 470 HIV-positive plasma samples were tested by PCR and/or Western blotting to confirm the genotype of the infecting virus. These samples were infected with strains that represented a wide variety of HIV strains including HIV-1 group M (subtypes A through G), HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2 (subtypes A and B). The results showed that the HIV genotype identity established by the rapid assay reliably (469 of 470 samples) correlates with the HIV genotype identity established by PCR or Western blotting. A total of 879 plasma samples were tested for IgG to HIV by a licensed enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (470 HIV-positive samples and 409 HIV-negative samples). When they were tested by the rapid assay, 469 samples were positive and 410 were negative (99.88% agreement). Twelve seroconversion panels were tested by both the rapid assay and a licensed EIA. For nine panels identical results were obtained by the two assays. For the remaining three panels, the rapid assay was positive one bleed later in comparison to the bleed at which the EIA was positive. One hundred three urine samples, including 93 urine samples from HIV-seropositive individuals and 10 urine samples from seronegative individuals, were tested by the rapid assay. Ninety-one of the ninety-three urine samples from HIV-seropositive individuals were found to be positive by the rapid assay. There were no false-positive results (98.05% agreement). Virus in all urine samples tested were typed as HIV-1 group M. These results suggest that a rapid assay based on the detection of IgG specific for selected transmembrane HIV antigens provides a simple and reliable test that is capable of distinguishing HIV infections on the basis of viral type.

scholarly journals Peran Keluarga dalam Mengurangi Tekanan Emosional pada Perempuan Pengidap HIV

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Elisha
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Emotional Stress ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

One of the sexually transmitted diseases that is often talked about among society is HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). HIV is a disease that attacks white blood cells and affects the immune system of an individual. With the absence of vaccines that can cure HIV disease effectively, it causes mental pressure for people infected by HIV, especially in women. The negative stigma from society towards people infected with HIV also adds emotional pressure to people who have HIV. The emotional pressure that found in people who are infected by HIV can lead to depression. To reduce the emotional stress that is found in HIV-positive individuals, the support of people around them is encouraged. One of them is from the closest person, namely a family member. By obtaining the negative stigma from society, for ODHA (people with HIV/ AIDS) it is necessary to have people who can restore their confidence and support them, so ODHA can accept themselves as HIV-positive individuals and avoid emotional stress that can lead to depression. In addition, support from the closest people can encourage people with HIV to have a better prognosis.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Antibody Repertoire Generated in Healthy Volunteers following Immunization with a Monomeric Recombinant gp120 Construct Derived from a CCR5/CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate with Sera from Naturally Infected Individuals

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 1740-1745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Beddows ◽  
Simon Lister ◽  
Rachanee Cheingsong ◽  
Claudine Bruck ◽  
Jonathan Weber
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Recombinant Gp120 ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT We have characterized sera from healthy volunteers immunized with a monomeric recombinant gp120 (rgp120) derived from a CCR5/CXCR4 (R5X4)-using subtype B isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV-1), HIV-1W61D, in comparison to sera from long-term HIV-1-infected individuals, using homologous reagents. Sera from vaccinees and HIV-1 positive subjects had similar binding titers to native monomeric rgp120W61D and showed a similar titer of antibodies inhibiting the binding of soluble CD4 (sCD4) to rgp120W61D. However, extensive peptide binding studies showed that the overall pattern of recognition of vaccinee and HIV-1-positive sera is different, with vaccinee sera displaying a wider and more potent recognition of linear V1/V2 and V3 domain epitopes. Neutralization of homologous HIV-1W61D or heterologous HIV-1M2424/4 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived virus lines by vaccinee sera could be achieved, but only after adaptation of the viruses to T-cell lines and was quickly lost on readaptation to growth in PBMC. Sera from HIV-positive individuals were able to neutralize both PBMC-grown and T-cell line-adapted viruses. Interestingly, rgp120W61D was recognized by monoclonal antibodies previously shown to neutralize primary HIV-1 isolates. The use of very potent adjuvants and R5X4 rgp120 led to an antibody response equivalent in binding activity and inhibition of binding of sCD4 to gp120 to that of HIV-positive individuals but did not lead to the induction of antibodies capable of neutralizing PBMC-grown virus.

scholarly journals Interleukin-7 in Plasma Correlates with CD4 T-Cell Depletion and May Be Associated with Emergence of Syncytium-Inducing Variants in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Positive Individuals

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (21) ◽  
pp. 10319-10325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuska Llano ◽  
Jordi Barretina ◽  
Arantxa Gutiérrez ◽  
Julià Blanco ◽  
Cecilia Cabrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
T Cell Depletion ◽  
Interleukin 7 ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) primary infection is characterized by the use of CCR5 as a coreceptor for viral entry, which is associated with the non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) phenotype in lymphoid cells. Syncytium-inducing (SI) variants of HIV-1 appear in advanced stages of HIV-1 infection and are characterized by the use of CXCR4 as a coreceptor. The emergence of SI variants is accompanied by a rapid decrease in the number of T cells. However, it is unclear why SI variants emerge and what factors trigger the evolution of HIV from R5 to X4 variants. Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a cytokine produced by stromal cells of the thymus and bone marrow and by keratin, is known to play a key role in T-cell development. We evaluated IL-7 levels in plasma of healthy donors and HIV-positive patients and found significantly higher levels in HIV-positive patients. There was a negative correlation between circulating IL-7 levels and CD4+ T-cell count in HIV-positive patients (r = −0.621;P < 0.001), suggesting that IL-7 may be involved in HIV-induced T-cell depletion and disease progression. IL-7 levels were higher in individuals who harbored SI variants and who had progressed to having CD4 cell counts of lower than 200 cells/μl than in individuals with NSI variants at a similar stage of disease. IL-7 induced T-cell proliferation and up-regulated CXCR4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest a role for IL-7 in the maintenance of T-cell regeneration and depletion by HIV in infected individuals and a possible relationship between IL-7 levels and the emergence of SI variants.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Analyses Indicate an Atypical Nurse-to-Patient Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 2525-2532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe P. Goujon ◽  
Véronique M. Schneider ◽  
Jaouad Grofti ◽  
Joëlle Montigny ◽  
Vincent Jeantils ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Control Sets ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patient with no risk factor experienced HIV type 1 (HIV-1) primary infection 4 weeks after being hospitalized for surgery. Among the medical staff, only two night shift nurses were identified as HIV-1 seropositive. No exposure to blood was evidenced. To test the hypothesis of a possible nurse-to-patient transmission, phylogenetic analyses were conducted using two HIV-1 genomic regions (pol reverse transcriptase [RT] and env C2C4), each compared with reference strains and large local control sets (57 RT and 41 C2C4 local controls). Extensive analyses using multiple methodologies allowed us to test the robustness of phylogeny inference and to assess transmission hypotheses. Results allow us to unambiguously exclude one HIV-positive nurse and strongly suggest the other HIV-positive nurse as the source of infection of the patient.

scholarly journals Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease at Diagnosis in Mozambique and Swaziland

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A Kujawski ◽  
Matthew R Lamb ◽  
Maria Lahuerta ◽  
Margaret L McNairy ◽  
Laurence Ahoua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Advanced Disease ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Severe Immunosuppression ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Advanced Hiv Disease ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Abstract Background Early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a prerequisite to maximizing individual and societal benefits of antiretroviral therapy. Methods Adults ≥18 years of age testing HIV positive at 10 health facilities in Mozambique and Swaziland received point-of-care CD4+ cell count testing immediately after diagnosis. We examined median CD4+ cell count at diagnosis, the proportion diagnosed with advanced HIV disease (CD4+ cell count ≤350 cells/μL) and severe immunosuppression (CD4+ cell count ≤100 cells/μL), and determinants of the latter 2 measures. Results Among 2333 participants, the median CD4+ cell count at diagnosis was 313 cells/μL (interquartile range, 164–484), more than half (56.5%) had CD4+ ≤350 cells/μL, and 13.9% had CD4+ ≤100 cells/μL. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) of both advanced HIV disease and severe immunosuppression at diagnosis was higher in men versus women (advanced disease aRR = 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16–1.48; severe immunosuppression aRR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.17–2.02) and among those who sought HIV testing because they felt ill (advanced disease aRR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.08–1.55; severe immunosuppression aRR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.35–2.26). Age 18–24 versus 25–39 was associated with a lower risk of both outcomes (advanced disease aRR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.59–0.84; severe immunosuppression aRR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.41–0.95). Conclusions More than 10 years into the global scale up of comprehensive HIV services, the majority of adults diagnosed with HIV at health facilities in 2 high-prevalence countries presented with advanced disease and 1 in 7 had severe immunosuppression. Innovative strategies for early identification of HIV-positive individuals are urgently needed.

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