Metabolic Syndrome

2014 ◽  
pp. 527-531
Author(s):  
Rajesh K. Garg
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Noncollagenous Proteins ◽  
Metabolic Bone Diseases ◽  
Skeletal Fragility ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
The Matrix

Bone is a dynamic and complex organ that undergoes constant remodeling. It consists of an organic matrix (collagen and some noncollagenous proteins), minerals (calcium and phosphate in hydroxyapatite crystals), and water. Normally bone mass is maintained by a tight coupling of bone breakdown by osteoclasts followed by bone formation by osteoblasts. This chapter summarizes three metabolic bone diseases. Osteoporosis is characterized by a decreased bone mass with a normal mineral-to-matrix ratio and superimposed skeletal fragility and fractures; osteomalacia occurs when there is a reduced mineralization of the matrix; and Paget's disease is a disorder in which there is excessive, disorganized bone resorption and formation.

Metabolic Bone Diseases in the Pediatric Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 094-104
Author(s):  
Valentina Testini ◽  
Laura Eusebi ◽  
Umberto Tupputi ◽  
Francesca Anna Carpagnano ◽  
Francesco Bartelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Bone Diseases ◽  
Mineral Balance ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Mineral Structure ◽  
Made In

AbstractBone plays an important role in regulating mineral balance in response to physiologic needs. In addition, bone is subject to a continuous remodeling process to maintain healthy bone mass and growth. Metabolic bone diseases are a heterogeneous group of diseases caused by abnormalities of bone mass, mineral structure homeostasis, bone turnover, or bone growth. In pediatrics, several significant advances have been made in recent years in the diagnosis of metabolic bone diseases (e.g., osteogenesis imperfecta, hyperparathyroidism, rickets, renal osteodystrophy, pediatric osteoporosis, and osteopetrosis). Imaging is fundamental in the diagnosis of these pathologies.

scholarly journals Sexual Dimorphism in Osteoclasts

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Lorenzo
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Bone Diseases ◽  
Principal Influence ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Environment And Behavior ◽  
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
And Behavior

Osteoclasts are the principal mediators of bone resorption. They form through the fusion of mononuclear precursor cells under the principal influence of the cytokines macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF, aka CSF-1) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL, aka TNFSF11). Sexual dimorphism in the development of the skeleton and in the incidence of skeletal diseases is well described. In general, females, at any given age, have a lower bone mass than males. The reasons for the differences in the bone mass of the skeleton between women and men at various ages, and the incidence of certain metabolic bone diseases, are multitude, and include the actions of sex steroids, genetics, age, environment and behavior. All of these influence the rate that osteoclasts form, resorb and die, and frequently produce different effects in females and males. Hence, a variety of factors are responsible for the sexual dimorphism of the skeleton and the activity of osteoclasts in bone. This review will provide an overview of what is currently known about these factors and their effects on osteoclasts.

Assessment of Bone Mineral Content and Bone Mass by Non-Invasive Radiologic Methods

1986 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 609-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Andresen ◽  
H. E. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral Content ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Metacarpal Bone ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Dual Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Metabolic Bone Diseases ◽  
Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Metabolic Bone

Methods for quantitative determination of bone mineral and bone mass in normal subjects and in patients with metabolic bone disorders can be measured by the Compton scattering technique, the neutron activation analysis, by measurement of metacarpal bone mass, by single and dual photon absorptiometry, and by quantitative computed tomography. Measurement on metacarpal bone (radiogrammetry) seems to be able to distinguish between resorption and/or new bone formation at the periosteal and/or endosteal surface. The intraindividual observer variation on combined cortical thickness (D—d), cortical area (D2–d2), metacarpal bone mass (D2–d2)/D2 varies from 0.7 to 2.5 per cent and the interindividual observer variation from 1.0 to 5.8 per cent. Single photon absorptiometry measures bone mineral content in the forearm with great precision. The reproducibility using repeated measurements and automatic selection of the measuring area is about one per cent and can be used to follow changes in mineral content with time in patients with metabolic bone diseases. The dual photon absorptiometry may be used for measurements of bone mineral content in lumbar spine, in the femoral neck and measurement of total body calcium with an accuracy of less than 6 per cent and a precision below 3 per cent. Quantitative computed tomography has the ability to measure trabecular and cortical bone both centrally and peripherally. Using CT scanning, scanner related changes with time (day-to-day variation ± 4%), patient repositioning (less than 1.5%), and fat concentration (residual uncertainty of approximately 1/6 of the biologic variation) are important factors influencing the accuracy and reproducibility of the values of the measured bone mineral content. The method is very useful in studies of skeleton changes in metabolic bone diseases.

Metabolic bone diseases and disorders of collagen

2011 ◽  
pp. 431-472
Author(s):  
Alan J. Hakim ◽  
Gavin P.R. Clunie ◽  
Inam Haq
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Paget’S Disease ◽  
Mineral Deposit ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Bone Diseases ◽  
Risk Of Fracture ◽  
Molecular Abnormalities ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Parathyroid Disease

Osteoporosis 432 Osteomalacia and rickets 442 Parathyroid disease and related disorders 448 Paget's disease of bone 456 Miscellaneous diseases of bone 460 Molecular abnormalities of collagen and fibrillin 464 • Osteoporosis can be defined as a decrease in bone mass and strength resulting in an increased risk of fracture. Unlike osteomalacia, the ratio of matrix to mineral deposit in bone is normal in osteoporosis....

scholarly journals Hypercalciuria is a common and important finding in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

2003 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Giannini ◽  
M Nobile ◽  
L Dalle Carbonare ◽  
MG Lodetti ◽  
S Sella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Urinary Calcium ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Calcium Excretion ◽  
Primary Osteoporosis ◽  
Low Bone Mass ◽  
Metabolic Bone Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Bone

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The prevalence and the effects of hypercalciuria on bone in patients with primary osteoporosis are poorly defined. We therefore retrospectively analyzed the data of 241 otherwise healthy women. They were 45-88 years of age and had been referred for their first visit to our Unit for Metabolic Bone Diseases over a 2-year period because of primary osteoporosis (bone density T-score < -2.5). METHODS: The main parameters of calcium and skeletal metabolism had been analyzed in all subjects. This population was then divided into two groups, according to the presence (HC+) or absence (HC-) of hypercalciuria. RESULTS: Elevated urinary calcium was present in 19% of the subjects. Due to the selection criteria, spinal and femoral bone loss was similar in the two groups. Urinary calcium, phosphate and fractional calcium excretion were higher in hypercalciuric patients. In a logistic regression model, the higher the Tm of phosphate, the lower the risk of hypercalciuria (odds ratio 0.33, confidence interval 0.18-0.62). On the contrary, hypercalciuria was the most important predictor of low bone mass in HC+ (accounting for more than 50% of the variance in spinal bone density). CONCLUSIONS: Hypercalciuria is a common feature in postmenopausal bone loss. Since increased urinary calcium excretion and low bone mass appear to be linked, hypercalciuria seems to be an important determinant of reduced bone density in this setting as well.

Is oral health correlated with skeletal phenotype in primary metabolic bone diseases? A preliminary report of the Greek experience

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artemis Doulgeraki ◽  
Margarita Gatzogianni ◽  
Andreas Agouropoulos ◽  
Helen Athanasopoulou ◽  
Georgios Polyzois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Bone Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Skeletal Phenotype
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