Respiratory diseases and respiratory failure

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Professor Ann B Millar ◽  
Dr Richard Leach ◽  
Dr Rebecca Preston ◽  
Dr Richard Leach ◽  
Dr Richard Leach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Immunocompromised Host ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Diffuse Lung Disease ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chapter 5 covers respiratory diseases and respiratory failure, including clinical presentations of respiratory disease, assessment of diffuse lung disease, hypoxaemia, respiratory failure, and oxygen therapy, pneumonia, mycobacterial infection, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, mediastinal lesions, pneumothorax, pleural disease, asbestos-related lung disease, diffuse parenchymal (interstitial) lung disease, sarcoidosis, pulmonary hypertension, acute respiratory distress syndrome, bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis, bronchiolitis, eosinophilic lung disease, airways obstruction, aspiration syndromes, and near-drowning, pulmonary vasculitis, the immunocompromised host, sleep apnoea, and rare pulmonary diseases.

Respiratory medicine

2020 ◽  
pp. 263-310
Author(s):  
Chantal Simon ◽  
Hazel Everitt ◽  
Françoise van Dorp ◽  
Nazia Hussain ◽  
Emma Nash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Asthma Management ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Respiratory Medicine ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Occupational Lung Disease ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease

This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores respiratory medicine in general practice. It covers breathlessness, cough, chest signs, and other signs of respiratory disease. It examines asthma in adults, bronchodilators and steroids, asthma management in practice, and drug treatment of asthma, as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute exacerbations of COPD. It discusses lung cancer, colds and influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis and Kartagener syndrome, diffuse parenchymal lung disease, occupational lung disease, and snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea.

scholarly journals Respiratory failure: technical means for diagnosis and respiratory support

Doklady BGUIR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Е. I. Davidovskaya ◽  
A. S. Dubrovski ◽  
О. В. Zelmanski
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Hypopnea Syndrome ◽  
Cpap Devices

The necessity of early diagnosis of respiratory diseases, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, by means of pulse oximetric screening and monitoring has been substantiated. The expediency of using portable pulse oximeters by therapists and general practitioners has been shown. The main respiratory diseases accompanied by respiratory failure, which can be detected in time by pulse oximetry, are the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Early detection of these diseases is an important task because of the mild symptoms of these diseases in the early stages, and as a result, the prevalence of late diagnosis. Special attention is given to the pulse oximetry for COVID-19 detection, as this infection is also accompanied by respiratory failure. The use of oxygen concentrators and auto CPAP devices for the treatment of respiratory failure as well as rehabilitation has been argued. The effectiveness of the appointment of long-term oxygen therapy using oxygen concentrators for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CPAP therapy using automatic CPAP devices for patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome with mandatory pulse oximetry monitoring has been confirmed. The analysis of 120 cases of treatment of moderate and severe COVID-19 cases complicated by the pneumonia has been carried out. The efficiency of the use of oxygen concentrators for supplying oxygen to patients at a flow rate not more than 5 l/min has been proven. It has been found that no more than 10 % of patients needed an oxygen flow rate more than 5 l/min. At the same time, the possibility of using CPAP devices for non-invasive ventilation of lungs using full-face masks has been shown. The expediency of using oxygen concentrators and CPAP devices for the rehabilitation of patients after COVID-19 has been noted.

scholarly journals The Lung Tissue Research Consortium: An extensive open database containing histological, clinical, and radiological data to study chronic lung disease

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Bartholmai ◽  
Ronald Karwoski ◽  
Vanessa Zavaletta ◽  
Richard Robb ◽  
David Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Lung Disease ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Chronic Lung Disease ◽  
Medical Image Analysis ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Clinical Report ◽  
Diffuse Lung Disease ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Tissue Research ◽  
Research Consortium

The Lung Tissue Research Consortium (LTRC) is an NHLBI sponsored project which is studying histological, radiological, and clinical data on patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). At completion, over 1200 subjects will be enrolled. Each subject will have a minimum of one CT scan; however, many will likely have 3 CT scans. Each scan will have a corresponding radiological report, clinical report, and histological report. The NHLBI requires that the data collected through the LTRC be anonymized and available to independent researchers. The LTRC imaging database will be the most comprehensive database of lung CT data available to date and will serve as the basis for imaging studies of chronic lung disease for years to come. It is a significant opportunity for the medical image analysis community to investigate this database with the intent to develop new methods of registration, segmentation, and classification that may be used to diagnosis and treat patients with diffuse lung disease.

scholarly journals Association Between SGLT2is and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Large Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dao-Gen Yin ◽  
Mei Qiu ◽  
Xue-Yan Duan
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Meta Analyses

The association between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and various cardiovascular and respiratory diseases is unestablished. This meta-analysis aimed to explore whether use of SGLT2is is significantly associated with the occurrences of 80 types of cardiovascular diseases and 55 types of respiratory diseases. Large randomized trials of SGLT2is were included in analysis. Meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Nine large trials were included in analysis. Compared to placebo, SGLT2is were associated with the reduced risks of 9 types of cardiovascular diseases (e.g., atrial fibrillation [RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.67-0.91], bradycardia [RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.40-0.89], and hypertensive emergency [RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.12-0.72]) and 11 types of respiratory diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61-0.97], asthma [RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35-0.95], and sleep apnoea syndrome [RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15-0.87]). The results of random-effects meta-analysis were similar with those of fixed-effects meta-analysis. No heterogeneity or only little heterogeneity was found in most meta-analyses. No publication bias was observed in most of the meta-analyses conducted in this study. SGLT2is were not significantly associated with the other 115 cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. SGLT2is are associated with the reduced risks of 9 types of cardiovascular diseases (e.g., atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, and hypertensive emergency) and 11 types of respiratory diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and sleep apnoea syndrome). This proposes the potential of SGLT2is to be used for prevention of these cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Analysis of Adverse Events Associated With SGLT2is: A Meta-Analysis Involving Nine Large Randomized Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Qiu ◽  
Li-Min Zhao ◽  
Ze-Lin Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter

Recently, Lin and colleagues assessed the safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) by a meta-analysis [1], in which the authors assessed 16 kinds of adverse events (AE) reported in the published articles based on 10 randomized controlled trials. We conducted a further meta-analysis and targeted the association between use of SGLT2is and occurrences of various kinds of serious AE published in the Clinical Trials website (clinicaltrials.gov). Our meta-analysis revealed that use of SGLT2is was not significantly associated with occurrences of 980 kinds of serious AE but was significantly associated with lower risks of 29 kinds of serious AE, especially including several important respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnoea syndrome, and pneumonia). These findings may cause more studies to evaluate the possibilities of gliflozins being used for prevention of these specific diseases.

scholarly journals Pulmonary hypertensive vasculopathy in parenchymal lung diseases and/or hypoxia

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (144) ◽  
pp. 170003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rosa Ghigna ◽  
Wolter J. Mooi ◽  
Katrien Grünberg
Keyword(s):  
Lung Disease ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Diffuse Lung Disease ◽  
Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) with complicating chronic lung diseases and/or hypoxia falls into group 3 of the updated classification of PH. Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), diffuse lung disease (such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)) and with sleep disordered breathing are particularly exposed to the risk of developing PH. Although PH in such a context is usually mild, a minority of patients exhibit severe haemodynamic impairment, defined by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) of ≥35 mmHg or mPAP values ranging between 25 mmHg and 35 mmHg with a low cardiac index (<2 L·min−1·m−2). The overlap between lung parenchymal disease and PH heavily affects life expectancy in such a patient population and complicates their therapeutic management. In this review we illustrate the pathological features and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of pulmonary circulation in chronic lung diseases, with an emphasis on COPD, IPF and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.

scholarly journals The lung microbiome in end-stage Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Ng ◽  
Gustavo Pacheco-Rodriguez ◽  
Lesa Begley ◽  
Yvonne J. Huang ◽  
Sergio Poli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Cystic Lung ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
End Stage

AbstractLymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a progressive cystic lung disease with mortality driven primarily by respiratory failure. Patients with LAM frequently have respiratory infections, suggestive of a dysregulated microbiome. Here we demonstrate that end-stage LAM patients have a distinct microbiome signature compared to patients with end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

scholarly journals Sensors for detecting pulmonary diseases from exhaled breath

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (152) ◽  
pp. 190011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Hashoul ◽  
Hossam Haick
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Sensor Arrays ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

This review presents and discusses a new frontier for fast, risk-free and potentially inexpensive diagnostics of respiratory diseases by detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in exhaled breath. One part of the review is a didactic presentation of the overlaying concept and the chemistry of exhaled breath. The other part discusses diverse sensors that have been developed and used for the detection of respiratory diseases (e.g.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and pneumoconiosis) by analysis of VOCs in exhaled breath. The strengths and pitfalls are discussed and criticised, particularly in the perspective in disseminating information regarding these advances. Ideas regarding the improvement of sensors, sensor arrays, sensing devices and the further planning of workflow are also discussed.

scholarly journals Group 3 pulmonary hypertension: Challenges and opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael McGetterick ◽  
Andrew Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Restrictive Lung Disease ◽  
Disease Spectrum ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 1

[No abstract. Showing first paragraph of article]Pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with hypoxia and lung disease, first identified as Group 3 in the 2008 Dana Point classification of PH, is the second most common form of PH and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The most common lung diseases resulting in PH are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease (ILD) and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) but is also associated with other diseases, such as cysticfibrosis and high altitude exposure. Those with PH in the setting of obstructive or restrictive lung disease have worse outcomes, but it is not clear if the PH causes increased mortality or whether it is a marker for the severe end of the lung disease spectrum. Patients with Group 3 disease have a worse outcome than Group 1 IPAH. Those patients with Group 1 disease pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) but with minor associated lung disease also suffer from worse outcomes.

scholarly journals Reduction in Hospitalizations for Respiratory Diseases during the First COVID-19 Wave in Greece

Respiration ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Christos Kyriakopoulos ◽  
Athena Gogali ◽  
Konstantinos Exarchos ◽  
Dimitrios Potonos ◽  
Konstantinos Tatsis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Number Of Patients

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> During the first COVID-19 wave, a considerable decline in hospital admissions was observed worldwide. <b><i>Aim:</i></b> This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess if there were any changes in the number of patients hospitalized for respiratory diseases in Greece during the first CO­VID-19 wave. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In the present study, we evaluated respiratory disease hospitalization rates across 9 tertiary hospitals in Greece during the study period (March–April 2020) and the corresponding period of the 2 previous years (2018–2019) that served as the control periods. Demographic data and discharge diagnosis were documented for every patient. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 1,307 patients who were hospitalized during the study period, 444 (35.5%) were males with a mean (±SD) age of 66.1 ± 16.6 years. There was a 47 and 46% reduction in all-cause respiratory morbidity compared to the corresponding periods of 2018 and 2019, respectively. The mean incidence rate for respiratory diseases during the study period was 21.4 admissions per day, and this rate was significantly lower than the rate during the same period in 2018 (40.8 admissions per day; incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.525; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.491–0.562; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) or the rate during 2019 (39.9 admissions per day; IRR, 0.537; 95% CI, 0.502–0.574; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). The greatest reductions (%) in the number of daily admissions in 2020 were observed for sleep apnoea (87% vs. 2018 and 84% vs. 2019) followed by admissions for asthma (76% vs. 2018 and 79% vs. 2019) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (60% vs. 2018 and 51% vs. 2019), while the lowest reductions were detected in hospitalizations for pulmonary embolism (6% vs. 2018 and 23% vs. 2019) followed by tuberculosis (25% vs. both 2018 and 2019). <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> The significant reduction in respiratory admissions in 2020 raises the reasonable question of whether some patients may have avoided seeking medical attention during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggests an urgent need for transformation of healthcare systems during the pandemic to offer appropriate management of respiratory diseases other than COVID-19.

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