NREM and other parasomnias

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Ferri ◽  
Maria Turchese Caletti ◽  
Federica Provini
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Sleep Disruption ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Sleep Terror ◽  
Psychosocial Consequences ◽  
Abnormal Behaviors

Parasomnias are a heterogeneous group of undesirable, but not always pathological, manifestations that accompany sleep. They consist in abnormal behaviors due to the inappropriate activation of cognitive processes or physiological systems such as the motor and/or autonomic nervous systems. In some cases, they can result in sleep disruption and injuries, with adverse health or psychosocial consequences for patients, bed-partners or both. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, parasomnias are distinguished on the basis of the stage of sleep in which they appear: (1) parasomnias arising from NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep, which include arousal disorders (confusional arousal, sleep terror, sleepwalking) and sleep-related eating disorders; (2) parasomnias associated with REM (rapid eye movement) sleep; and (3) “other parasomnias” occurring in any sleep stage (eg, sleep enuresis, exploding head syndrome). This chapter describes the NREM parasomnias and the “other parasomnias,” underlining the more recent and significant advances that have provided a better understanding of their clinical features and pathophysiology.

High-throughput visual assessment of sleep stages in mice using machine learning

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Geuther ◽  
Mandy Chen ◽  
Raymond J Galante ◽  
Owen Han ◽  
Jie Lian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Abstract Study Objectives Sleep is an important biological process that is perturbed in numerous diseases, and assessment its substages currently requires implantation of electrodes to carry out electroencephalogram/electromyogram (EEG/EMG) analysis. Although accurate, this method comes at a high cost of invasive surgery and experts trained to score EEG/EMG data. Here, we leverage modern computer vision methods to directly classify sleep substages from video data. This bypasses the need for surgery and expert scoring, provides a path to high-throughput studies of sleep in mice. Methods We collected synchronized high-resolution video and EEG/EMG data in 16 male C57BL/6J mice. We extracted features from the video that are time and frequency-based and used the human expert-scored EEG/EMG data to train a visual classifier. We investigated several classifiers and data augmentation methods. Results Our visual sleep classifier proved to be highly accurate in classifying wake, non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) states, and achieves an overall accuracy of 0.92 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SD). We discover and genetically validate video features that correlate with breathing rates, and show low and high variability in NREM and REM sleep, respectively. Finally, we apply our methods to non-invasively detect that sleep stage disturbances induced by amphetamine administration. Conclusions We conclude that machine learning based visual classification of sleep is a viable alternative to EEG/EMG based scoring. Our results will enable non-invasive high-throughput sleep studies and will greatly reduce the barrier to screening mutant mice for abnormalities in sleep.

Influence of sleep on tensor palatini EMG and upper airway resistance in normal men

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2574-2581 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Tangel ◽  
W. S. Mezzanotte ◽  
D. P. White
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Airway Narrowing ◽  
Upper Airway Resistance

We propose that a sleep-induced decrement in the activity of the tensor palatini (TP) muscle could induce airway narrowing in the area posterior to the soft palate and therefore lead to an increase in upper airway resistance in normal subjects. We investigated the TP to determine the influence of sleep on TP muscle activity and the relationship between changing TP activity and upper airway resistance over the entire night and during short sleep-awake transitions. Seven normal male subjects were studied on a single night with wire electrodes placed in both TP muscles. Sleep stage, inspiratory airflow, transpalatal pressure, and TP moving time average electromyogram (EMG) were continuously recorded. In addition, in two of the seven subjects the activity (EMG) of both the TP and the genioglossus muscle simultaneously was recorded throughout the night. Upper airway resistance increased progressively from wakefulness through the various non-rapid-eye-movement sleep stages, as has been previously described. The TP EMG did not commonly demonstrate phasic activity during wakefulness or sleep. However, the tonic EMG decreased progressively and significantly (P less than 0.05) from wakefulness through the non-rapid-eye-movement sleep stages [awake, 4.6 +/- 0.3 (SE) arbitrary units; stage 1, 2.6 +/- 0.3; stage 2, 1.7 +/- 0.5; stage 3/4, 1.5 +/- 0.8]. The mean correlation coefficient between TP EMG and upper airway resistance across all sleep states was (-0.46). This mean correlation improved over discrete sleep-awake transitions (-0.76). No sleep-induced decrement in the genioglossus activity was observed in the two subjects studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Dream Recall upon Awakening from Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Older Adults: Electrophysiological Pattern and Qualitative Features

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Scarpelli ◽  
Aurora D’Atri ◽  
Chiara Bartolacci ◽  
Maurizio Gorgoni ◽  
Anastasia Mangiaruga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Dream Recall ◽  
Cortical Arousal ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Dream Report

Several findings support the activation hypothesis, positing that cortical arousal promotes dream recall (DR). However, most studies have been carried out on young participants, while the electrophysiological (EEG) correlates of DR in older people are still mostly unknown. We aimed to test the activation hypothesis on 20 elders, focusing on the Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep stage. All the subjects underwent polysomnography, and a dream report was collected upon their awakening from NREM sleep. Nine subjects were recallers (RECs) and 11 were non-RECs (NRECs). The delta and beta EEG activity of the last 5 min and the total NREM sleep was calculated by Fast Fourier Transform. Statistical comparisons (RECs vs. NRECs) revealed no differences in the last 5 min of sleep. Significant differences were found in the total NREM sleep: the RECs showed lower delta power over the parietal areas than the NRECs. Consistently, statistical comparisons on the activation index (delta/beta power) revealed that RECs showed a higher level of arousal in the fronto-temporal and parieto-occipital regions than NRECs. Both visual vividness and dream length are positively related to the level of activation. Overall, our results are consistent with the view that dreaming and the storage of oneiric contents depend on the level of arousal during sleep, highlighting a crucial role of the temporo-parietal-occipital zone.

Metabolic rate and breathing during sleep

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. White ◽  
J. V. Weil ◽  
C. W. Zwillich
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Recent investigation suggests that both ventilation (VE) and the chemical sensitivity of the respiratory control system correlate closely with measures of metabolic rate [O2 consumption (VO2) and CO2 production (VCO2)]. However, these associations have not been carefully investigated during sleep, and what little information is available suggests a deterioration of the relationships. As a result we measured VE, ventilatory pattern, VO2, and VCO2 during sleep in 21 normal subjects (11 males and 10 females) between the ages of 21 and 77 yr. When compared with values for awake subjects, expired ventilation decreased 8.2 +/- 2.3% (SE) during sleep and was associated with a 8.5 +/- 1.6% decrement in VO2 and a 12.3 +/- 1.7% reduction in VCO2, all P less than 0.01. The decrease in ventilation was a product primarily of a significant decrease in tidal volume with little change in frequency. None of these findings were dependent on sleep stage with results in rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non-rapid-eye-movement sleep being similar. Through all sleep stages ventilation remained tightly correlated with VO2 and VCO2 both within a given individual and between subjects. Although respiratory rhythmicity was somewhat variable during REM sleep, minute ventilation continued to correlate with VO2 and VCO2. None of the parameters described above were influenced by age or gender, with male and female subjects demonstrating similar findings. Ten of the subjects demonstrated at least occasional apneas. These individuals, however, were not found to differ from those without apnea in any other measure of ventilation or metabolic rate.

Partitioning of inhaled ventilation between the nasal and oral routes during sleep in normal subjects

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Helen S. Driver ◽  
Neela Chatha ◽  
Nha Voduc ◽  
Alison M. Girard
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Nasal Mask ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Significant Difference

The oral and nasal contributions to inhaled ventilation were simultaneously quantified during sleep in 10 healthy subjects (5 men, 5 women) aged 43 ± 5 yr, with normal nasal resistance (mean 2.0 ± 0.3 cmH2O · l−1 · s−1) by use of a divided oral and nasal mask. Minute ventilation awake (5.9 ± 0.3 l/min) was higher than that during sleep (5.2 ± 0.3 l/min; P < 0.0001), but there was no significant difference in minute ventilation between different sleep stages ( P = 0.44): stage 2 5.3 ± 0.3, slow-wave 5.2 ± 0.2, and rapid-eye-movement sleep 5.2 ± 0.2 l/min. The oral fraction of inhaled ventilation during wakefulness (7.6 ± 4%) was not significantly different from that during sleep (4.3 ± 2%; mean difference 3.3%, 95% confidence interval −2.1–8.8%, P = 0.19), and no significant difference ( P = 0.14) in oral fraction was observed between different sleep stages: stage two 5.1 ± 2.8, slow-wave 4.2 ± 1.8, rapid-eye-movement 3.1 ± 1.7%. Thus the inhaled oral fraction in normal subjects is small and does not change significantly with sleep stage.

First rapid eye movement sleep periods and sleep-onset rapid eye movement periods in sleep-stage sequencing of hypersomnias

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 897-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagis Drakatos ◽  
Christopher A. Kosky ◽  
Sean E. Higgins ◽  
Rexford T. Muza ◽  
Adrian J. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

scholarly journals Causality of cortical and cardiovascular activity during cyclic alternating pattern in non-rapid eye movement sleep

2021 ◽  
Vol 379 (2212) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Hartmann ◽  
Raffaele Ferri ◽  
Oliviero Bruni ◽  
Mathias Baumert
Keyword(s):  
Granger Causality ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Cyclic Alternating Pattern ◽  
Eeg Activation

The dynamic interplay between central and autonomic nervous system activities plays a pivotal role in orchestrating sleep. Macrostructural changes such as sleep-stage transitions or phasic, brief cortical events elicit fluctuations in neural outflow to the cardiovascular system, but the causal relationships between cortical and cardiovascular activities underpinning the microstructure of sleep are largely unknown. Here, we investigate cortical–cardiovascular interactions during the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) of non-rapid eye movement sleep in a diverse set of overnight polysomnograms. We determine the Granger causality in both 507 CAP and 507 matched non-CAP sequences to assess the causal relationships between electroencephalography (EEG) frequency bands and respiratory and cardiovascular variables (heart period, respiratory period, pulse arrival time and pulse wave amplitude) during CAP. We observe a significantly stronger influence of delta activity on vascular variables during CAP sequences where slow, low-amplitude EEG activation phases (A1) dominate than during non-CAP sequences. We also show that rapid, high-amplitude EEG activation phases (A3) provoke a more pronounced change in autonomic activity than A1 and A2 phases. Our analysis provides the first evidence on the causal interplay between cortical and cardiovascular activities during CAP. Granger causality analysis may also be useful for probing the level of decoupling in sleep disorders. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advanced computation in cardiovascular physiology: new challenges and opportunities’.

Heat production during sleep

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Shapiro ◽  
C. C. Goll ◽  
G. R. Cohen ◽  
I. Oswald
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Average Heat ◽  
Stage 4

Heat production during sleep was studied by continuous indirect calorimetry with simultaneous electroencephalographic monitoring. Controlling for gross influences on heat production, comparisons of heat production during different sleep stages showed heat production in stage 4 sleep to be significantly lower than in other sleep stages. There appeared to be a gradation in heat production in non-rapid-eye-movement stages of sleep with stage 2 higher and stage 4 lower than stage 3. Heat production in stage 4 was less variable than in any other sleep stage. Both the level and variability of heat production was similar in stage 2 and rapid-eye-movement sleep. Heat production during the night was 9% lower than during resting wakefulness. The average heat production in stage 4 sleep was 14.4% lower than resting wakeful values.

Cerebral O2 metabolism and cerebral blood flow in humans during deep and rapid-eye-movement sleep

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2597-2601 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Madsen ◽  
J. F. Schmidt ◽  
G. Wildschiodtz ◽  
L. Friberg ◽  
S. Holm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Deep Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
State Changes ◽  
Gas Measurements

It could be expected that the various stages of sleep were reflected in variation of the overall level of cerebral activity and thereby in the magnitude of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF). The elusive nature of sleep imposes major methodological restrictions on examination of this question. We have now measured CBF and CMRO2 in young healthy volunteers using the Kety-Schmidt technique with 133Xe as the inert gas. Measurements were performed during wakefulness, deep sleep (stage 3/4), and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep as verified by standard polysomnography. Contrary to the only previous study in humans, which reported an insignificant 3% reduction in CMRO2 during sleep, we found a deep-sleep-associated statistically highly significant 25% decrease in CMRO2, a magnitude of depression according with studies of glucose uptake and reaching levels otherwise associated with light anesthesia. During REM sleep (dream sleep) CMRO2 was practically the same as in the awake state. Changes in CBF paralleled changes in CMRO2 during both deep and REM sleep.

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