scholarly journals Six-Year Development of Regenerating Natural Hardwood Stands with HerbaceousWeed Control

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. McGill ◽  
Bruce B. Brenneman
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Rubus Species ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control

Abstract A study was established to examine the effects of herbaceous weed control (HWC) on the development of natural hardwood stands in southeastern West Virginia. In two Appalachian mixed hardwood stands, HWC treatments, consisting of Oust (4 oz/ac) or Oust (4 oz/ac) + Escort (1 oz/ac), were applied prior to budbreak during the first or second growing season after clearcutting. Fern and Rubus species dominated the herbaceous plant cover in the first 3 yr following treatment. Oust + Escort plots had significantly less total herbaceous plant cover than the check plots in the first 2 yr. Mean plot-level treatment effects were significant only in one of the two stands. Sixth-year average tree heights on HWC plots at one site were greater than those on the check plots, and ranged from 11.4 ft (Oust + Escort) to 9.2 ft (check). Six-year heights of tagged stems were greater for Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri Walt.) on HWC plots. Although black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) had the greatest extent of crown damage from the herbicide treatments initially, average heights of tagged black cherry stems in both stands ranked higher on the HWC plots than on the check plots.

Weed Control from Imazaquin and Metolachlor in No-till Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Buhler ◽  
Virginia L. Werling
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
No Till ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

In 1985, when weed densities were low (169 plants/m2in untreated control), imazaquin applied at 0.07 kg ai/ha early preplant controlled over 90% of all weeds before no-till planting of soybeans. In 1986 and 1987 when weed densities were higher (589 plants/m2in untreated control), addition of 1.1 kg ai/ha or more of metolachlor to imazaquin (0.07 kg/ha) before soybean planting controlled 95% or more of the grass weeds and 83% or more of the broadleaf weeds. Imazaquin plus metolachlor applied less than 1 day after soybean planting controlled less than 70% of the emerged weeds in 1986 and 1987; common lambsquarters was most tolerant. Early preplant treatments controlled more weeds throughout the growing season than treatments applied after planting. Splitting herbicide treatments among application times generally did not increase weed control compared to single applications. Early preplant applications resulted in higher soybean densities and taller soybeans 30 days after planting in 1986 and 1987 than treatments applied after planting. Soybean yields increased as weed control increased. Weed control and soybean yields were greater with early preplant treatments than paraquat plus alachlor plus metribuzin applied preemergence in 1986 and 1987. No carryover of imazaquin residue was detected through corn bioassay in the field.

scholarly journals Preharvest Manual Herbicide Treatments for Controlling American Beech in Central West Virginia

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer ◽  
James N. Kochenderfer ◽  
David A. Warner ◽  
Gary W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Four Levels

Abstract Application costs and efficacy were determined for manual preharvest herbicide treatments applied to control American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) that was interfering with the establishment and development of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in central West Virginia. The treatments consisted of four levels of basal area reduction using combinations of two application methods: hack-and-squirt injection with Accord (41.5%) and basal spraying with Garlon 4 (61.6% butoxyethyl ester). The treatments were applied in late Aug. 2000 and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A numerical rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0–100% crown affected), based on a visual estimation of top kill, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75% crown control) or greater were considered controlled. After 12 months, almost complete control (99%) was achieved with both application methods. Injection of ≥6.0-in. dbh beech stems also controlled 52% and 21.6% of small untreated beech understory stems in the 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh and 1.0- to 5.9-in. dbh classes, respectively. Average application costs (chemical and labor) ranged from $39.28/ac for injection of 159 stems/ac ≥6 in. dbh to $80.32/ac for basal spraying 396 stems/ac in the 1.0- to 5.9-in. dbh class and $230.09/ac for basal spraying 3,743 stems/ac in the 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh class. Basal spraying the numerous small 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh stems dramatically increased treatment costs. Black cherry occupied 30% of total stand basal area and accounted for 91% of total stand value ($6,288.10/ac). Application costs expressed as a percentage of total stand value ranged from <1% for the injection-only treatment up to 6.5% for combination basal spray and injection treatments. The individual stem herbicide application methods described here are applicable to the steep topography and small nonindustrial ownerships found in Appalachia.

scholarly journals Taper, Volume, and Weight of Small Black Cherry and Red Maple Trees in West Virginia

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
John R. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Volume Equations

Abstract Taper, cubic foot volume, and green weight equations to multiple top diameters were developed for the main bole portion of small-diameter black cherry (BC; Prunus serotina Ehrh.) and red maple (RM; Acer rubrum L.) trees in northern West Virginia. Sample trees were selected from the 2- to 5-in.-diameter class and ranged from 30 to 60 ft in total height. Existing published cubic foot volume equations provided estimates from 6 to 40% lower than estimates from the proposed model form, depending on species and tree size. Based on the published weight equations selected for comparison, differences between the estimates from the proposed models and from the published model with the smallest weight difference from a pool of candidate models, total bole green weight was underestimated from 5 to 93% for BC and from 0.4 to 25% for RM, depending on species and tree size.

Herbaceous weed control in young conifer plantations with formulations of nitrogen and simazine

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1685-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane E. White ◽  
Michael Newton
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Conifer Plantations ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Noble Fir ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control

Weed control and 2nd-year survival and growth of newly planted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and noble fir (Abiesprocera Rehd.) seedlings were measured after application of herbicide and fertilizer in a replicated complete factorial experiment with four levels of simazine (0, 2.2, 4.4, 8.8 kg/ha), three levels of nitrogen (0, 110, 220 kg/ha), two types of nitrogen (urea prill; urea + trimamino-s-triazine (TST) prill), and two kinds of formulations (cogranular prill of simazine + nitrogen; nitrogen prill followed by liquid simazine). For the first growing season, total weed and grass control increased with increasing simazine rates. Total weed control was better when urea + TST, rather than urea alone, was applied in conjunction with simazine. Formulation and nitrogen rate were not significant. After plot treatment with 1.1 kg/ha of liquid hexazinone at the beginning of the second growing season, Douglas-fir survival decreased as rate of urea alone increased; survival decreased with little or no weed control and remained constant or increased with good weed control as rate of urea + TST increased. Noble fir height and diameter and Douglas-fir diameter declined with poor weed control but increased at least to the levels of untreated seedlings with good weed control. Noble fir diameter responded positively to added nitrogen. Although simazine may be toxic to 1st-year conifers, this study suggests that more complete weed control in conjunction with fertilization may benefit young conifer plantations.

scholarly journals Technical Note: Afforestation in North Mississippi on Retired Farmland Using Pinus echinata: First-Year Results

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Kushla
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control

Abstract In March 2005, 1-0 bareroot shortleaf pine was planted on retired fields of the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station near Holly Springs, Mississippi. Objectives of the study were to evaluate (1) subsoiling and (2) herbaceous weed control (HWC) on 1st-year seedling survival and size. Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. The subsoiling treatment was completed in December 2004. The HWC treatment was 4-oz Arsenal AC + 2-oz Oust XP product per sprayed acre applied in a 4-ft band over the row in April 2005. In addition, mowing was completed three times between rows during the first growing season. First-year seedling measurements were completed by March 2006 on seedling survival, groundline diameter (GLD), and total height. Subsoil tillage did not have a significant effect on 1st-year survival, diameter, or height. HWC had a significant effect on shortleaf GLD but not survival or height.

Three Year Effects of Herbaceous Weed Control in a Sycamore Plantation

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Fitzgerald ◽  
R. F. Richards ◽  
C. W. Selden ◽  
J. T. May
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control

Screening studies initiated in 1969 to determine the effectiveness and selectivity of herbicides for herbaceous weed control during the first growing season in American sycamore (Plantanus occidentalis L.) plantations indicated that simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine], atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6- (isopropylamino)-s-triazine], and dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) had the desired properties at economically feasible use rates. To further evaluate these herbicides and ametryne [2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine], permanent plots were established in a sycamore plantation in 1970. Weed control obtained from a single herbicide application in the spring after planting seedlings in the winter has resulted in increased height, diameter, and volume growth of the sycamore for at least three growing seasons. No serious phytotoxicity on the crop species was noted with application rates from 4.5 to 9.0 kg/ha of the s-triazines alone or from 5.6 kg/ha of dalapon in combination with the lower rate of simazine and atrazine.

Response of Weeds and Soybeans to Vernolate and Other Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Seed Yields

Vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) injected into a sandy loam soil controlled a higher percentage of early weeds in soybeans (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) in 2 years out of 3 when compared with incorporated vernolate at the same rate by conventional methods. Late season weed control was enhanced by split applications of herbicides applied postemergence in sequence with vernolate. Chloroxuron (3-[p-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1,1-dimethylurea) applied early postemergence plus 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron) or 2,4-bis-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne) applied in split applications as late and layby treatments gave the best weed control. Prometryne caused chlorotic veination in the upper leaves of the plants each year. In 1970, when prometryne was applied in sequence with incorporated vernolate, soybean plants were injured 30% compared with only 8% injury when the same herbicide was applied in sequence with injected vernolate at the same rate. The average seed yields were higher from injected vernolate at 1.12 kg/ha than from incorporated vernolate at 2.24 kg/ha. There was no difference in yield when vernolate was incorporated or injected at the same rate. Seed yields from the 3-year average were lower from plots treated with prometryne than from plots treated with linuron or 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb). Generally, the soybean seed quality was lower and seed size smaller when herbicide treatments failed to control weeds throughout the growing season.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Strawberry Cultivars to Oxyfluorfen and Flumioxazin Herbicides

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 848-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayesh B. Samtani ◽  
J. Ben Weber ◽  
Steven A. Fennimore
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
San Andreas ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Plant Sciences ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

Herbicides can be an excellent supplemental treatment in cases where soil fumigant treatments alone fail to control weeds during the growing season or in situations where fumigants cannot be used as a result of regulatory restrictions. Previous studies have shown that oxyfluorfen and flumioxazin can provide satisfactory weed control in bedded strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) production. However, we need to know if tolerance to herbicides is uniform across strawberry cultivars under California conditions. The objective of this study was to determine if tolerance to oxyfluorfen and flumioxazin herbicides varied among strawberry cultivars. Trials were conducted in the 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 growing seasons at Salinas, CA. Treatments included an untreated control; pre-plant applications of flumioxazin at 0.07, 0.11, and 0.21 kg·ha−1 a.i.; and oxyfluorfen at 0.14 and 0.28 kg·ha−1 a.i. The entire trial was fumigated with an emulsified formulation of 60% 1,3-dichloropropene + 32% chloropicrin applied at 281 L·ha−1 by drip injection to all plots. Eight strawberry cultivars were included in the trial in the 2007–2008 growing season, and nine cultivars were included in the 2009–2010 growing season. In both growing seasons, slight to no crop phytotoxicity was observed. In the 2007–2008 growing season, several strawberry cultivars including ‘Albion’, ‘Festival’, ‘211G51’, ‘Palomar’, ‘Plant Sciences 5298’, and ‘Ventana’ had smaller crop plant canopy diameter as compared with the control when treated with 0.21 kg·ha−1 a.i. of flumioxazin. Compared with the control, flumioxazin at 0.21 kg·ha−1 a.i. reduced crop diameter for ‘Plant Sciences 4634’, ‘Plant Sciences 5298’, ‘San Andreas’, and ‘Ventana’ in the 2009–2010 growing season. In the 2007–2008 strawberry-growing season, none of the herbicide treatments reduced fruit yield compared with the control. In the 2009–2010 growing season, in seven of the nine cultivars, there were no significant differences in yield among treatments. For ‘Palomar’ strawberry, yields in plots treated with flumioxazin at 0.11 and 0.21 kg·ha−1 a.i. were significantly lower than the untreated control. With the exception of flumioxazin at 0.21 kg·ha−1 a.i., these herbicides are safe to use and can be incorporated in strawberry production practices for the cultivars tested to achieve satisfactory weed control over the growing season.

Distribution of Gum Spots by Causal Agent in Black Cherry and Effects On Log and Tree Quality

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
C. O. Rexrode ◽  
J. E. Baumgras
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Tree Quality

Abstract Gum spots were studied in 116 black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) trees in West Virginia. Bark beetles are the major cause of gum spots in both black cherry poletimber and sawtimber trees. Approximately 90 percent of all gum spots in the bole sections are caused by bark beetles. Cambium miners cause few gum spots in the lower 6 m of the trees and virtually none in the quality zone. Bark beetle-caused gum spots are grade defects in both veneer and factory grade sawlogs. Cambium miner-caused gum spots cause little degrade in veneer logs and none in factory grade 1 and 2 sawlogs.

scholarly journals Weed Control and Phytotoxicity Following Preemergence Herbicide Applications to Container-grown Herbaceous Plants

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
James E. Klett ◽  
David Staats ◽  
Teri Howlett ◽  
Matthew Rogoyski
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Fort Collins ◽  
Setaria Glauca ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Abstract Effectiveness of five preemergence herbicides was determined for four container-grown ornamental crops. Herbicides tested were Barricade (prodiamine); BroadStar (flumioxazin); Gallery (isoxaben); Scotts Ornamental Weedgrass Control (Scotts OWC) (pendimethalin); and Treflan (trifluralin). Four herbaceous plant species were utilized in this trial, namely, Guizhou sage (Artemisia lactiflora Wall. (Guizhou group)); hopflower oregano (Origanum libanoticum Boiss.); Daghestan sage (Salvia daghestanica Sosn.); and skullcap (Scutellaria resinosa Torr.). The seven weed species evaluated in this trial were annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.); barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.); yellow foxtail grass (Setaria glauca L.); purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.); common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.); redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.); and annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.). Two controls, one with weeds and one without were also evaluated. The experiment was conducted in two locations: Fort Collins and Grand Junction, Colorado. Weed control levels varied across a range of herbicide treatments and ornamental species. Where differences among herbicides were observed, BroadStar and Treflan tended to be more effective than the other herbicides, while Gallery, Scotts OWC and Barricade, were less effective. Plants treated with Gallery often resulted in decreased dry weights; however, no visual phytotoxicity symptoms were observed with any herbicide treatments. Daghestan sage and skullcap were the crop species most adversely effected.

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