Weed Control and Phytotoxicity Following Preemergence Herbicide Applications to Container-grown Herbaceous Plants

Abstract Effectiveness of five preemergence herbicides was determined for four container-grown ornamental crops. Herbicides tested were Barricade (prodiamine); BroadStar (flumioxazin); Gallery (isoxaben); Scotts Ornamental Weedgrass Control (Scotts OWC) (pendimethalin); and Treflan (trifluralin). Four herbaceous plant species were utilized in this trial, namely, Guizhou sage (Artemisia lactiflora Wall. (Guizhou group)); hopflower oregano (Origanum libanoticum Boiss.); Daghestan sage (Salvia daghestanica Sosn.); and skullcap (Scutellaria resinosa Torr.). The seven weed species evaluated in this trial were annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.); barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.); yellow foxtail grass (Setaria glauca L.); purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.); common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.); redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.); and annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.). Two controls, one with weeds and one without were also evaluated. The experiment was conducted in two locations: Fort Collins and Grand Junction, Colorado. Weed control levels varied across a range of herbicide treatments and ornamental species. Where differences among herbicides were observed, BroadStar and Treflan tended to be more effective than the other herbicides, while Gallery, Scotts OWC and Barricade, were less effective. Plants treated with Gallery often resulted in decreased dry weights; however, no visual phytotoxicity symptoms were observed with any herbicide treatments. Daghestan sage and skullcap were the crop species most adversely effected.

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Influence of Winter Rye and Preemergence Herbicides on Weed Control in No-tillage Zucchini Squash Production

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.15.2.0238 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 238-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. Alan Walters ◽

Scott A. Nolte ◽

Bryan G. Young

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Cucurbita Pepo ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Winter Rye ◽

No Tillage ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Residue Biomass ◽

Preemergence Herbicides

The influence of `Elbon', `Maton', and `Wheeler' winter rye (Secale cereale) with or without herbicide treatments on weed control in no-tillage (NT) zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo) was determined. `Elbon' or `Maton' produced higher residue biomass, greater soil coverage, and higher weed control compared with `Wheeler'. Although winter rye alone did not provide sufficient weed control (generally <70%), it provided substantially greater redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) control (regardless of cultivar used) compared with no winter rye at both 28 and 56 days after transplanting (DAT). No effect (P > 0.05) of winter rye cultivar on early or total squash yield was detected. Although applying clomazone + ethalfluralin to winter rye residues improved redroot pigweed control compared with no herbicide, the level of control was generally not adequate (<85% control) by 56 DAT. Treatments that included halosulfuron provided greater control of redroot pigweed than clomazone + ethalfluralin, and redroot pigweed control from halosulfuron treatments was similar to the weed-free control. However, regardless of year or cover crop, any treatment with halosulfuron caused unacceptable injury to zucchini squash plants which lead to reduced squash yield (primarily early yields). Insignificant amounts of squash injury (<10% due to stunting) resulted from clomazone + ethalfluralin in no-tillage plots during either year. Treatments with clomazone + ethalfluralin had early and total yields that were similar to those of the weed-free control, although this herbicide combination provided less weed control compared with the weed-free control.

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Evaluation of Weed Control and Phytotoxicity of Preemergence Herbicides Applied to Container-grown Herbaceous and Woody Plants

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-11.2.78 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 78-81

Author(s):

David Staats ◽

James E. Klett

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Senecio Vulgaris ◽

Common Lilac ◽

Weed Seeds ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Black Plastic ◽

Preemergence Herbicides

Abstract Six different preemergence herbicides were used with eight different plant species to evaluate weed control efficacy and possible phytotoxicity. The species used were Stachys byzantina C. Koch (lamb's ears), Campanula persicifolia L. (peachleaf bellflower), Achillea millefolium L. ‘Summer Pastel’ (common yarrow), Coreopsis lanceolata L. (Lance coreopsis), Gypsophila pacifica Kom. (baby's breath), Wisteria sinensis Sims (Chinese wisteria), Syringa vulgaris L. (common lilac), Phlox paniculata L. (perennial phlox), Dahlia Cav. x hybrida (garden dahlia). Herbicides were applied to the soil surface at rates of lx and 2x as recommended by the label. The herbicides and rates were as follows: Pennant (Dual) 7.8 Liquid, 4.6, 9.1 kg ai/ha (4, 8 lb ai/A); Gallery 75DF, 1.1, 2.3 kg ai/ha (1, 2 lb ai/A); Ronstar 2G, 4.5, 9.0 kg ai/ha (4, 8 lb ai/A); Rout 3G, 3.4, 6.8, 13.6 kg ai/ha (3, 6, 12 lb ai/A); Surflan AS, 2.3, 4.6 kg ai/ha (2, 4 lb ai/A); and Treflan 5G, 4.5, 9.0 kg ai/ha (4, 8 lbs ai/A). Weed seeds of Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (yellow foxtail), Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (barnyardgrass), Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass), Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (shepherdspurse), Senecio vulgaris L. (common groundsel), and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed) were sown on the soil surface. Two control treatments (no herbicide and no weed seeds applied, or no herbicide but with weed seeds) also were evaluated. Plants were grown in #1 black plastic containers in a medium of clay loam soil, plaster sand and sphagnum peat (1:1:2 by vol). Weed counts at the end of the season indicated that weed control was variable according to the herbicide used. Rout and Ronstar at both the lx and 2x rates controlled over 99% of the weeds (compared to the control treatment with weeds). Weed control for the other herbicides were as follows: Surflan lx = 92%, Surflan 2x = 95%, Pennant lx = 93%, Pennant 2x = 98%, Gallery lx = 35%, Gallery 2x = 43%, Treflan 1x = 88%, and Treflan 2x = 96%. Evaluations also indicated that herbicides utilizing oryzalin resulted in phytoxicity or stunting to Phlox (appearance declined 88% at the 1x rate and 93% at the 2x rate compared to the control treatment), Gypsophila (dry weights for Surflan 1x was 27% less and Surflan 2x was 39% less compared to the control treatment), and Stachys (appearance declined 55% for 1x rate and 60% at the 2x rate). Gallery (isoxaben) resulted in stunting in Stachys (dry weights for Gallery 1x were 75% less compared to control plants and Gallery 2x was 80% less).

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The Effect of Prodiamine on Growth of Containerized Woody Ornamentals

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.4.554b ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 554B-554a

Author(s):

Edward Bush ◽

Ann L. Gray ◽

Virginia Thaxton ◽

Allen Owings

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

High Rate ◽

Weed Species ◽

Quercus Virginiana ◽

Sesbania Exaltata ◽

Live Oak ◽

Ophiopogon Japonicus ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Preemergence Herbicides

Previous research has shown the effectiveness of prodiamine (FactorÆ)as a preemergent herbicide. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy and phytotoxicity of prodiamine applied to several woody ornamental and weed species. Phytotoxicity effects were evaluated on eight ornamental species: azalea (Rhododendron indicum `Mrs. G.G. Gerbing'), dwarf yaupon (Ilex vomitoria `Nana'), dwarf mondograss (Ophiopogon japonicus `Nana'), ixora (Ixora coccinea), lantana (Lantana camara `New Gold'), Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), weeping fig (Ficus benjamina), and daylily (Hemerocallis fulva). Preemergent herbicide treatments (control-nontreated, 2 lbs aia Factor®, and 4 lbs aia Factor®) were applied to ornamentals twice during the experiment at twelve week intervals. There was a reduction in top dry weight for azalea and dwarf mondograss for both 2 and 4 lbs aia treatments. No significant growth reductions were measured for daylily, dwarf yaupon, ixora, lantana, live oak, and weeping fig. The efficacy experiment consisted of four weed species: barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgali), crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), coffeeweed (Sesbania exaltata), and pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and five preemergence herbicide treatments (control-nontreated, control-Rout® at 100 lbs/A, Factor® 1 lb aia, Factor® 2 lbs aia, and a tank mixture of Factor® 1 lb aia plus Gallery® 1 lb aia) applied to bark-filled containers. Twenty-five weed seeds of each species were broadcast over each container following herbicide applications. The high rate of Factor®, Rout®, and the combination of Factor®+Gallery® significantly reduced weed dry weight compared to the control. All preemergence herbicides significantly reduced weed counts and height in a similar manner.

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Effect of Clay, Soil Organic Matter, and Soil pH on Initial and Residual Weed Control with Flumioxazin

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11071326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1326

Author(s):

Calvin F. Glaspie ◽

Eric A. L. Jones ◽

Donald Penner ◽

John A. Pawlak ◽

Wesley J. Everman

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Weed Control ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Matter Content ◽

Weed Species ◽

Soil Organic Matter Content ◽

Field Soils

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of soil organic matter content and soil pH on initial and residual weed control with flumioxazin by planting selected weed species in various lab-made and field soils. Initial control was determined by planting weed seeds into various lab-made and field soils treated with flumioxazin (71 g ha−1). Seeds of Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass), Setaria faberi (giant foxtail), Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), and Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) were incorporated into the top 1.3 cm of each soil at a density of 100 seeds per pot, respectively. Emerged plants were counted and removed in both treated and non-treated pots two weeks after planting and each following week for six weeks. Flumioxazin control was evaluated by calculating percent emergence of weeds in treated soils compared to the emergence of weeds in non-treated soils. Clay content was not found to affect initial flumioxazin control of any tested weed species. Control of A. theophrasti, E. crus-galli, and S. faberi was reduced as soil organic matter content increased. The control of A. retroflexus was not affected by organic matter. Soil pH below 6 reduced flumioxazin control of A. theophrasti, and S. faberi but did not affect the control of A. retroflexus and E. crus-galli. Flumioxazin residual control was determined by planting selected weed species in various lab-made and field soils 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after treatment. Eight weeks after treatment, flumioxazin gave 0% control of A. theophrasti and S. faberi in all soils tested. Control of A. retroflexus and Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters) was 100% for the duration of the experiment, except when soil organic matter content was greater than 3% or the soil pH 7. Eight weeks after treatment, 0% control was only observed for common A. retroflexus and C. album in organic soil (soil organic matter > 80%) or when soil pH was above 7. Control of A. theophrasti and S. faberi decreased as soil organic matter content and soil pH increased. Similar results were observed when comparing lab-made soils to field soils; however, differences in control were observed between lab-made organic matter soils and field organic matter soils. Results indicate that flumioxazin can provide control ranging from 75–100% for two to six weeks on common weed species.

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Weed Control for Pot-In-Pot Production using Preemergence Herbicides

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-23.4.204 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 204-211

Author(s):

Donna C. Fare ◽

Patricia Knight ◽

Charles H. Gilliam ◽

James Altland

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Herbicide Tolerance ◽

Green Ash ◽

Red Maple ◽

Weed Species ◽

Magnolia Grandiflora ◽

Pyrus Calleryana ◽

Local Site ◽

Preemergence Herbicides

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to investigate herbicides currently labeled for field and/or container production for use in pot-in-pot production. Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.), red maple (Acer rubrum Spach. ‘Autumn Flame’ and ‘Franksred’), ornamental pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne. ‘Bradford’ and ‘Cleveland Select’), river birch (Betula nigra L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. and F. pennsylvanica Marsh.‘Marshall's Seedless’), and zelkova (Zelkova serrata Spach ‘Village Green’) were evaluated for herbicide tolerance. Barricade 65WG, Surflan 4AS, and Pendulum 60WDG, used alone or in combination with Princep and Gallery 75 DF, had no adverse effect on tree shoot growth or trunk caliper growth when applied as a directed band application. Weed control varied depending upon local site conditions, herbicide rate and weed species.

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History of Identification of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00035910 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 615-620 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Jodie S. Holt

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Triazine Herbicides ◽

Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽

Weed Species ◽

Crop Species ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

History Of ◽

Successful Transfer

At least 57 weed species, including both dicots and monocots, have been reported to have biotypes selected for resistance to the triazine herbicides. In addition, at least 47 species have been reported to have biotypes resistant to one or more of 14 other herbicides or herbicide families. These herbicides include the aryloxyphenoxypropionics, bipyridiliums, dinitroanilines, phenoxys, substituted areas, and sulfonylureas, with two or more resistant biotypes each, as well as several other herbicides in which resistance is less well documented. Although evolved resistance presents a serious problem for chemical weed control, it has also offered new potential for transferring herbicide resistance to crop species. Mechanisms of resistance that are due to single or a few genes have become the focus of biotechnology, as the probability of their successful transfer to crop species is high.

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Influence of Weed Control Programs in Intensive Cropping Systems

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500059956 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 762-767 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

N. C. Glaze ◽

C. C. Dowler ◽

A. W. Johnson ◽

D. R. Sumner

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Weed Species ◽

Multiple Cropping ◽

Control Programs ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Intensive Cropping ◽

Main Effects ◽

Herbicide Programs

Six multiple-cropping systems composed of: a) turnip (Brassica campestrisspp.rapifera), corn (Zea maysL.), and snapbean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.); b) turnip, peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.), and snapbean; c) turnip, corn, and turnip; d) turnip, peanut, and turnip; e) snapbean, soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], and cabbage (Brassica oleraceaL.); and f) turnip, cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp.], and turnip were subjected to nematicide and weed control programs of cultivation or herbicides. Herbicide programs were superior to cultivation in control of weeds. Weeds remaining in the row following cultivation competed severely with crops. Weed species remaining were altered depending on the method of control and crop. Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. ♯3CYPES) increased rapidly in all herbicide programs but not in cultivated plots. Pigweeds (Amaranthusspp.) were controlled by herbicides but increased in cultivated plots. Corn, peanut, soybean, and spring snapbean yields were higher in herbicide treatments than in cultivated treatments. Cucumber was the only crop that had increased yields for both main effects, herbicide and nematicide. Turnip was consistently injured in herbicide treatments, which was believed to be caused by residues from previous crops interacting with pathogens and possible allelopathic effects of decaying organic matter.

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Environmental Impact of Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds in Canada

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-13-00093.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 385-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Hugh J. Beckie ◽

Peter H. Sikkema ◽

Nader Soltani ◽

Robert E. Blackshaw ◽

Eric N. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Weed Control ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Application Rate ◽

Weed Species ◽

Common Ragweed ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Relative Potential ◽

Synthase Inhibitor

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed, horseweed, and common ragweed were confirmed in southwestern Ontario, Canada in 2008, 2010, and 2011, respectively. In the western prairie provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, GR (plus acetolactate synthase inhibitor-resistant) kochia was discovered in 2011. This symposium paper estimates the environmental impact (EI) of the top herbicide treatments or programs used to manage these GR weed species in the major field crops grown in each region. For each herbicide treatment, EI (per ha basis) was calculated as the environmental impact quotient (EIQ), which quantifies the relative potential risk of pesticide active ingredients on human and ecological health based on risk components to farm workers, consumers, and the environment, multiplied by the application rate (kg ai ha−1). Total EI is defined as EI (per ha basis) multiplied by the application area (i.e., land area affected by a GR weed). It was assumed that all herbicide treatments would supplement the continued usage of glyphosate because of its broad spectrum weed control. For the control of these GR weeds, most treatments contain auxinic or protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides. The majority of auxinic herbicide treatments result in low (EI ≤ 10) to moderate (11 to 20) EI, whereas all treatments of PPO inhibitors have low EI. Total EI of GR horseweed and kochia will generally be greater than that of giant or common ragweed because of rapid seed dispersal. For recommended herbicide treatments to control GR weeds (and herbicide-resistant weeds in general), EI data should be routinely included with cost and site of action in weed control extension publications and software, so that growers have the information needed to assess the EI of their actions.

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Interaction of Rice Residue and PRE Herbicides on Emergence and Biomass of Four Weed Species

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-12-00067.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 627-632 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽

Seth B. Abugho

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Conservation Agriculture ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Weed Species ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Agriculture Systems

Studies were conducted in a screenhouse to determine the interaction of rice residue as mulch (0, 3, and 6 t ha−1) and herbicides (nontreated, oxadiazon at 0.5 and 1.0 kg ai ha−1, and pendimethalin at 1.0 and 2.0 kg ai ha−1) on seedling emergence and biomass of barnyardgrass, crowfootgrass, junglerice, and rice flatsedge. Regardless of the residue amount, crowfootgrass and junglerice were effectively controlled by all herbicide treatments. No seedlings of these weed species escaped the herbicides when applied in the presence of residue cover. There was no survival of barnyardgrass seedlings when both herbicides were applied on bare soil (without residue cover); however, some seedlings survived oxadiazon and pendimethalin when applied in the presence of residue cover. For rice flatsedge, the herbicide applications in the presence of residue cover resulted in lower weed control than in the absence of residue. These results suggest that some weed species can escape the application of PRE herbicides in conservation agriculture systems in which residue can bind soil-applied herbicides and result in lower efficacy.

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A Multy-Year Study Reveals the Importance of Residual Herbicides on Weed Control in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582018360100039 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A.L. NUNES ◽

J. LORENSET ◽

J.E. GUBIANI ◽

F.M. SANTOS

Keyword(s):

Field Study ◽

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Soybean Cultivar ◽

Weed Species ◽

Soybean Yield ◽

Herbicide Treatments

ABSTRACT: A 3-year field study was conducted to assess the potential for using pre-emergent (PRE) herbicides tank mixed with glyphosate as a means of controlling weed species in soybean. In 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 growing sessions soybean cultivar Brasmax Apollo RR was planted under residues of rye. The herbicide treatments glyphosate (gly) (1,296 g a.i. ha-1), gly + S-metolachlor (1,296 + 1,920), gly + imazaquin (1,296 +161), gly + pendimethalin (1,296 + 1,000), gly + metribuzin (1,296 + 480), gly + 2.4-D amine (1,296 + 1,209) was applied in pre-emergence (PRE) over rye crop residues two days before soybean sowing. In addition, full season weed-free and weedy control plots were included. Gly + S-metolachlor and gly + pendimethalin reduced the horseweed density from 48 to 3 and 6 plants m-2, respectively. The mix containing gly + metribuzin and gly + 2.4-D amine and gly applied alone had no effect in the horseweed control. The mix containing gly + metribuzin, gly + 2.4-D amine, gly + imazaquin and gly applied alone had no effect in the crabgrass control. In contrast gly + S-metolachlor and gly + pendimethalin reduced the crabgrass density from 70 to 0 and 1 plant m-2, respectively. The soybean yield was higher with weed-free, S-metolachlor and metribuzin treatments. The use of an herbicide with residual effect had impact on weed management and soybean yield. In conclusion, a greater control of horseweed and crabgrass occurred when S-metolachlor or pendimethalin was applied PRE.

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