scholarly journals 1199. Decreased Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: An Ecological Time-Series Analysis, 2014 through 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S690-S691
Author(s):  
Keita Wagatsuma ◽  
Iain S Koolhof ◽  
Reiko Saito
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Airline Passengers ◽  
Airline Passenger ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Domestic Airline ◽  
International Airline

Abstract Background Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as sanitary measures and travel restrictions, aimed at controlling the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may affect the transmission dynamics of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). We aimed to quantify the contribution of the sales of hand hygiene products and the number of international and domestic airline passenger arrivals on HRSV epidemic in Japan. Methods The monthly number of HRSV cases per sentinel site (HRSV activity) in 2020 was compared with the average of the corresponding period in the previous 6 years (from January 2014 to December 2020) using a monthly paired t-test. A generalized linear Poisson regression model was used to regress the time-series of the monthly HRSV activity against NPI indicators, including sale of hand hygiene products and the number of domestic and international airline passengers, while controlling for meteorological conditions (monthly average temperature and relative humidity) and seasonal variations between years (2014–2020). Results The average number of monthly HRSV case notifications in 2020 decreased by approximately 85% (P < 0.001) compared to those in the preceding 6 years (2014–2019) (Figure 1A). For every average ¥1 billion (approximately &9,000,000/£6,800,00) spent on hand hygiene products during the current month and 1 month before (lag 0-1 months) there was a 0.22% (P = 0.02) decrease in HRSV infections (Table 1). An increase of average 1,000 domestic and international airline passenger arrivals during the previous 1–2 months (lag 1–2 months) was associated with a 4.6×10−4% (P < 0.001) and 1.1×10−3% (P = 0.007) increase in the monthly number of HRSV infections, respectively. Figure 1. Monthly seasonal variations of number of HRSV activity, NPI indicators, and meteorological conditions during 2014-2020. (A) Monthly seasonal variations of number of HRSV cases per sentinel sites based on national HRSV surveillance data during 2014-2020. (B) Monthly seasonal variations of retail sales of hand hygiene products per ¥1 billion (unit: yen) during 2014-2020. (C) Monthly seasonal variations of number of domestic airline passengers per 1,000 population (unit: person) during 2014-2020. (D) Monthly seasonal variations of number of international airline passengers per 1,000 population (unit: person) during 2014-2020. (E) Monthly seasonal variations of average temperature (unit: ℃) throughout Japan during 2014-2020. (F) Monthly seasonal variations of relative humidity (unit: %) throughout Japan during 2014-2020. Table 1. Generalized linear Poisson regression model for the monthly number of human respiratory syncytial virus cases among prefectures in Japan. Conclusion This study suggests that there is an association between the decrease in the monthly number of HRSV cases and improved hygiene and sanitary measures and travel restrictions for COVID-19 in Japan, indicating that these public health interventions can contribute to the suppression of HRSV activity. These findings may help in public health policy and decision making. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Decreased human respiratory syncytial virus activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: an ecological time-series analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keita Wagatsuma ◽  
Iain S. Koolhof ◽  
Yugo Shobugawa ◽  
Reiko Saito
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Sentinel Site ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Airline Passenger ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
International Airline

Abstract Background Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as sanitary measures and travel restrictions, aimed at controlling the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may affect the transmission dynamics of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). We aimed to quantify the contribution of the sales of hand hygiene products and the number of international and domestic airline passenger arrivals on HRSV epidemic in Japan. Methods The monthly number of HRSV cases per sentinel site (HRSV activity) in 2020 was compared with the average of the corresponding period in the previous 6 years (from January 2014 to December 2020) using a monthly paired t-test. A generalized linear gamma regression model was used to regress the time-series of the monthly HRSV activity against NPI indicators, including sale of hand hygiene products and the number of domestic and international airline passengers, while controlling for meteorological conditions (monthly average temperature and relative humidity) and seasonal variations between years (2014–2020). Results The average number of monthly HRSV case notifications in 2020 decreased by approximately 85% (p < 0.001) compared to those in the preceding 6 years (2014–2019). For every average ¥1 billion (approximately £680,000/$9,000,000) spent on hand hygiene products during the current month and 1 month before there was a 0.29% (p = 0.003) decrease in HRSV infections. An increase of average 1000 domestic and international airline passenger arrivals during the previous 1–2 months was associated with a 3.8 × 10− 4% (p < 0.001) and 1.2 × 10− 3% (p < 0.001) increase in the monthly number of HRSV infections, respectively. Conclusions This study suggests that there is an association between the decrease in the monthly number of HRSV cases and improved hygiene and sanitary measures and travel restrictions for COVID-19 in Japan, indicating that these public health interventions can contribute to the suppression of HRSV activity. These findings may help in public health policy and decision making.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Safety and Immune Efficacy of Recombinant Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Strain Long Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Nan Wang ◽  
Xiang-Lei Peng ◽  
Min Xu ◽  
Yuan-Bo Zheng ◽  
Yue-Ying Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Gene Deletion ◽  
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
T7 Promoter ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus

AbstractHuman respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI), and no vaccine against LRTI has proven to be safe and effective in infants. Our study assessed attenuated recombinant RSVs as vaccine candidates to prevent RSV infection in mice. The constructed recombinant plasmids harbored (5′ to 3′) a T7 promoter, hammerhead ribozyme, RSV Long strain antigenomic cDNA with cold-passaged (cp) mutations or cp combined with temperature-sensitive attenuated mutations from the A2 strain (A2cpts) or further combined with SH gene deletion (A2cptsΔSH), HDV ribozyme (δ), and a T7 terminator. These vectors were subsequently co-transfected with four helper plasmids encoding N, P, L, and M2-1 viral proteins into BHK/T7-9 cells, and the recovered viruses were then passaged in Vero cells. The rescued recombinant RSVs (rRSVs) were named rRSV-Long/A2cp, rRSV-Long/A2cpts, and rRSV-Long/A2cptsΔSH, respectively, and stably passaged in vitro, without reversion to wild type (wt) at sites containing introduced mutations or deletion. Although rRSV-Long/A2cpts and rRSV-Long/A2cptsΔSH displayed  temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype in vitro and in vivo, all rRSVs were significantly attenuated in vivo. Furthermore, BALB/c mice immunized with rRSVs produced Th1-biased immune response, resisted wtRSV infection, and were free from enhanced respiratory disease. We showed that the combination of ΔSH with attenuation (att) mutations of cpts contributed to improving att phenotype, efficacy, and gene stability of rRSV. By successfully introducing att mutations and SH gene deletion into the RSV Long parent and producing three rRSV strains, we have laid an important foundation for the development of RSV live attenuated vaccines.

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Acylation of the Fusion Glycoprotein of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus

1989 ◽  
Vol 264 (18) ◽  
pp. 10339-10342
Author(s):  
R G Arumugham ◽  
R C Seid ◽  
S Doyle ◽  
S W Hildreth ◽  
P R Paradiso
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Fusion Glycoprotein ◽  
Syncytial Virus

scholarly journals Bacterial and Viral Coinfections with the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1293
Author(s):  
Gaspar A. Pacheco ◽  
Nicolás M. S. Gálvez ◽  
Jorge A. Soto ◽  
Catalina A. Andrade ◽  
Alexis M. Kalergis
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Polymicrobial Infections

The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is one of the leading causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children under five years old. Notably, hRSV infections can give way to pneumonia and predispose to other respiratory complications later in life, such as asthma. Even though the social and economic burden associated with hRSV infections is tremendous, there are no approved vaccines to date to prevent the disease caused by this pathogen. Recently, coinfections and superinfections have turned into an active field of study, and interactions between many viral and bacterial pathogens have been studied. hRSV is not an exception since polymicrobial infections involving this virus are common, especially when illness has evolved into pneumonia. Here, we review the epidemiology and recent findings regarding the main polymicrobial infections involving hRSV and several prevalent bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, human rhinoviruses, influenza A virus, human metapneumovirus, and human parainfluenza viruses. As reports of most polymicrobial infections involving hRSV lack a molecular basis explaining the interaction between hRSV and these pathogens, we believe this review article can serve as a starting point to interesting and very much needed research in this area.

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