scholarly journals Changes in Pneumonia Incidence and Infant Mortality 5 Years Following Introduction of the 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in a “3+0” Schedule in Nicaragua

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S67-S68
Author(s):  
Sylvia Becker-Dreps ◽  
Bryan Blette ◽  
Rafaela Briceno ◽  
Jorge Aleman ◽  
Michael G Hudgens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Health Facility ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
One Year

Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae causes an estimated 826,000 deaths of children in the world each year and many health facility visits. To reduce the burden of pneumococcal disease, many nations have added pneumococcal conjugate vaccines to their national immunization schedules. Nicaragua was the first country eligible for funding from the GAVI Alliance to introduce the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), provided to infants at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. The goal of this study was to evaluate the population impact of the first five years of the program. Methods Numbers of visits for pneumonia, pneumonia-related deaths, bacterial meningitis, and infant deaths between 2008 and 2015 were collected from all 107 public health facilities in León Department. Vital statistics data provided additional counts of pneumonia-related deaths that occurred outside health facilities. Adjusted incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRa) in the vaccine (2011–2015) and pre-vaccine periods (2008–2010) were estimated using official population estimates as exposure time. Results The IRRa for pneumonia hospitalizations was 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66, 0.75) for infants, and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.99) for one year olds. The IRRa for post-neonatal infant mortality was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.77). In the population as a whole, ambulatory visits and hospitalizations for pneumonia, as well as pneumonia-related mortality and rates of bacterial meningitis were lower in the vaccine period. Conclusion Five years following program introduction, reductions were observed in health facility visits for pneumonia in immunized age groups and infant mortality, which would be hard to achieve with any other single public health intervention. Future study is warranted to understand whether the lack of a booster dose (e.g.,, at 12 months) may be responsible for the small reductions in pneumonia hospitalizations observed in one year-olds as compared with infants. Disclosures S. Becker-Dreps, Pfizer: Consultant and Grant Investigator, Consulting fee and Research grant; D. J. Weber, Pfizer: Consultant and Speaker’s Bureau, Consulting fee and Speaker honorarium

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-516
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
National Office ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
One Year

ON THE basis of provisional data it appears that infant mortality in the United States has continued to improve in 1951, despite the fact that the birth rate has gone up again. The National Office of Vital Statistics, Public Health Service, has published in the Monthly Vital Statistics Bulletin for February 1952 an analysis of the telegraphic reports received from the various states for the year 1951. While the data are subject to correction [See Figure 1. in Source PDF.] and final figures will almost surely result in slight revisions, previous experience indicates that the general trend is quite accurate. Figure 1 presents the month by month comparison, throughout the year, for birth rate, death rate, and infant mortality rate. Marriage license rate is shown through November 1951. It will be noted that in every month of the year the birth rate was higher than in the corresponding month of 1950. The annual rate was 24.5 per 1000 population, 4.3% higher than in 1950 but 5% lower than the peak birth rate reached in 1947. Taking into account an estimate for births which were not reported it is thought that 3,833,000 births took place in 1951. This is the greatest number of births in one year in the history of our country.

scholarly journals Changes in the incidence of pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, and infant mortality 5 years following introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in a "3+0" schedule

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. e0183348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Becker-Dreps ◽  
Bryan Blette ◽  
Rafaela Briceño ◽  
Jorge Alemán ◽  
Michael G. Hudgens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

scholarly journals Pneumococcal carriage in children in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia before and one year after the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

Vaccine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (30) ◽  
pp. 4068-4075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire von Mollendorf ◽  
Eileen M. Dunne ◽  
Sophie La Vincente ◽  
Mukhchuluun Ulziibayar ◽  
Bujinlkham Suuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
One Year

scholarly journals Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis of Infant Mortality and Preterm Birth in Ohio, 2008-2015: Opportunities to Enhance Spatial Thinking

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-482
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Dowling Root ◽  
Emelie D. Bailey ◽  
Tyler Gorham ◽  
Christopher Browning ◽  
Chi Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Geographic Clustering

Objectives Geovisualization and spatial analysis are valuable tools for exploring and evaluating the complex social, economic, and environmental interactions that lead to spatial inequalities in health. The objective of this study was to describe spatial patterns of infant mortality and preterm birth in Ohio by using interactive mapping and spatial analysis. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Ohio vital statistics records from 2008-2015. We geocoded live births and infant deaths by using residential address at birth. We used multivariable logistic regression to adjust spatial and space–time cluster analyses that examined the geographic clustering of infant mortality and preterm birth and changes in spatial distribution over time. Results The overall infant mortality rate in Ohio during the study period was 6.55 per 1000 births; of 1 097 507 births, 10.3% (n = 112 552) were preterm. We found significant geographic clustering of both infant mortality and preterm birth centered on large urban areas. However, when known demographic risk factors were taken into account, urban clusters disappeared and, for preterm birth, new rural clusters appeared. Conclusions Although many public health agencies have the capacity to create maps of health outcomes, complex spatial analysis and geovisualization techniques are still challenging for public health practitioners to use and understand. We found that actively engaging policymakers in reviewing results of the cluster analysis improved understanding of the processes driving spatial patterns of birth outcomes in the state.

scholarly journals Etiology of Bacterial Meningitis Among Children <5 Years Old in Côte d’Ivoire: Findings of Hospital-based Surveillance Before and After Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S114-S120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Boni-Cisse ◽  
Sheikh Jarju ◽  
Rowan E Bancroft ◽  
Nicaise A Lepri ◽  
Hamidou Kone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Type B ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Vaccine Serotypes ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Côte D'ivoire

Abstract Background Bacterial meningitis remains a major disease affecting children in Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, with support from the World Health Organization (WHO), Côte d’Ivoire has implemented pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM) surveillance at 2 sentinel hospitals in Abidjan, targeting the main causes of PBM: Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus). Herein we describe the epidemiological characteristics of PBM observed in Côte d’Ivoire during 2010–2016. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected from children aged <5 years admitted to the Abobo General Hospital or University Hospital Center Yopougon with suspected meningitis. Microbiology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to detect the presence of pathogens in CSF. Where possible, serotyping/grouping was performed to determine the specific causative agents. Results Overall, 2762 cases of suspected meningitis were reported, with CSF from 39.2% (1083/2762) of patients analyzed at the WHO regional reference laboratory in The Gambia. In total, 82 (3.0% [82/2762]) CSF samples were positive for bacterial meningitis. Pneumococcus was the main pathogen responsible for PBM, accounting for 69.5% (52/82) of positive cases. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes 5, 18C, 19F, and 6A/B were identified post–vaccine introduction. Emergence of H. influenzae nontypeable meningitis was observed after H. influenzae type b vaccine introduction. Conclusions Despite widespread use and high coverage of conjugate vaccines, pneumococcal vaccine serotypes and H. influenzae type b remain associated with bacterial meningitis among children aged <5 years in Côte d’Ivoire. This reinforces the need for enhanced surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases to determine the prevalence of bacterial meningitis and vaccine impact across the country.

scholarly journals Health systems readiness to provide geriatric friendly care services in Uganda: a cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jude Thaddeus Ssensamba ◽  
Moses Mukuru ◽  
Mary Nakafeero ◽  
Ronald Ssenyonga ◽  
Suzanne N. Kiwanuka
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health System ◽  
Health Facility ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Southern Central

Abstract Background As ageing emerges as the next public health threat in Africa, there is a paucity of information on how prepared its health systems are to provide geriatric friendly care services. In this study, we explored the readiness of Uganda’s public health system to offer geriatric friendly care services in Southern Central Uganda. Methods Four districts with the highest proportion of old persons in Southern Central Uganda were purposively selected, and a cross-section of 18 randomly selected health facilities (HFs) were visited and assessed for availability of critical items deemed important for provision of geriatric friendly services; as derived from World Health Organization’s Age-friendly primary health care centres toolkit. Data was collected using an adapted health facility geriatric assessment tool, entered into Epi-data software and analysed using STATA version 14. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post hoc tests were conducted to determine any associations between readiness, health facility level, and district. Results The overall readiness index was 16.92 (SD ±4.19) (range 10.8–26.6). This differed across districts; Lwengo 17.91 (SD ±3.15), Rakai 17.63 (SD ±4.55), Bukomansimbi 16.51 (SD ±7.18), Kalungu 13.74 (SD ±2.56) and facility levels; Hospitals 26.62, Health centers four (HCIV) 20.05 and Health centers three (HCIII) 14.80. Low readiness was due to poor scores concerning; leadership (0%), financing (0%), human resources (1.7%) and health management information systems (HMIS) (11.8%) WHO building blocks. Higher-level HFs were statistically significantly friendlier than lower-level HFs (p = 0.015). The difference in readiness between HCIIIs and HCIVs was 2.39 (p = 0.025). Conclusion There is a low readiness for public health facilities to provide geriatric friendly care services in Uganda. This is due to gaps in all of the health system building blocks. There is a need for health system reforms in Uganda to adequately cater for service provision for older adults if the 2020 global healthy ageing goal is to be met.

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