History: From Jazz Ambassadors to Hip Hop Diplomats

Build ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 25-54
Author(s):  
Mark Katz
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Hip Hop ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
State Department ◽  
The State ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
History Of ◽  
Founding Director

This chapter chronicles the history of official US cultural diplomacy, starting in the 1930s up until the birth of hip hop diplomacy in 2001 and the establishment of Next Level, the first State Department–funded hip hop diplomacy program, in 2013. National security threats have long been the animating force behind US cultural diplomacy. First, the threat was fascism. Later, it was communism, and then terrorism. The first hip hop “diplomat” was rapper Toni Blackman. Next Level originated in the State Department’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA). Mark Katz was the founding director of Next Level.

“Where Are the Americans?”

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-107
Author(s):  
Ken R. Crane
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Racialized Other ◽  
Cultural Reality ◽  
History Of Race

The War on Terror’s aggressive surveillance of Arabs and Muslims as national security threats accelerated their becoming a racialized Other. The history of race-making in America has followed a pattern of groups differentiating themselves from lower-status nonwhites in order to gain membership as white. Iraqis who came to the Inland Empire’s majority-Latinx neighborhoods found themselves in an America they had not anticipated, prompting some to ask, “Where are the Americans?” While the Latinx-Iraqi interactions evoked frustration, confusion, and ambivalence toward an unexpected cultural reality, Iraqis were ultimately able to bridge differences and recognize many similarities with their Latinx neighbors, such as family values and hospitality. The youths frequently quoted the Arabic proverb “not all your fingers alike,” meaning that it is better to be accepting—after all, not all people are the same, everyone is different, just like the fingers on your hand.

scholarly journals Development of food and nutrition sciences in the 100-year history of the National Institute of Hygiene in Poland

2019 ◽  
pp. 537-547
Author(s):  
Kazimiera Ćwiek-Ludwicka ◽  
Marta Gromulska
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
State Department ◽  
The State ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Food Research ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
History Of

Issues related to nutrition and food safety in Poland are included in the hundred-year history of the National Institute of Hygiene (PZH), which exists since 1918. The first scientific institution in Poland devoted to nutrition after the First World War was the Department of Biochemistry and Hygiene of Nutrition created in 1923 in the National School of Hygiene operating at the National Institute of Hygiene (PZH), whose director was Dr. Ludwik Rajchman. This Department was headed since 1925 by Kazimierz Funk, an outstanding scholar, who had already gained international fame as a discoverer of vitamins, and at PZH he investigated the effects of poor nutrition on health. After departure of Kazimierz Funk from Poland, the issues related to nutrition were dealt with by Dr. Gustaw Szulc and Dr. Aleksander Szczygieł, who since 1938 was the head of the Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition Hygiene. In 1963, all issues related to nutrition were transferred from the National Institute of Hygiene (PZH) to the newly founded Institute of Food and Nutrition in Warsaw, whose director was Aleksander Szczygieł. Food safety issues went to the National Institute of Hygiene in 1935 after incorporating into its structure the State Department of Food and Consumers Goods operating in Warsaw since 1919. Thanks to this reorganization, National Institute of Hygiene became the headquarter for all State Departments of Food and Consumer Goods in Poland. As soon as in the third year of their activity (in 1921), the laboratories of the State Department of Food and Consumers Goods examined over 65,000 samples of food products, detecting adulterations, false labeling, harmful admixtures or spoiled products in 44% of cases. The State Departments of Food and Consumer Goods in 1952 were transformed into Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations and incorporated into the structures of the State Sanitary Inspection. National Institute of Hygiene obtained the status of a research institute whose tasks were besides the scientific activity, the postgraduate education of the personnel of this Inspection. After the Second World War, prof. Stanisław Krauze, who was appointed the head of the Department of Food Research and Articles of Common Use at the PZH in 1935, continued his mission. Prof. Stanisław Krauze was recognized as the founder of the scientific bases of food control in Poland, food sciences and the initiator of microbiological food research. Prof. Stanisław Krauze was the head of this Department of PZH until 1962. Another head of this Department, prof. dr h.c. Maksym Nikonorow, introduced research on pesticide residues, food monitoring studies, as well as toxicological testing using laboratory animals, opening a new quality in the assessment of food safety. After his retirement this Department was led by prof. Halina Mazur (1981-1990) and assoc. prof. Kazimierz Karłowski (1990-2010). Since 2011 dr Jacek Postupolski is a head of this Department, which in 2012 has changed its name to the Department of Food Safety. The scientific staff of this Department, besides conducting scientific research, service, and educational activities, acts as experts for the Minister of Health, the Minister of Agriculture, and other national authorities, and cooperates with the FAO/WHO, the European Commission and Food and Feed Safety Authority (EFSA). In the Department there are accredited laboratories serving as the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) which cooperate with the European Union Reference Laboratories (EU-RLs).

scholarly journals THE WAY TO THE AUTOCEPHALY OF THE UKRAINIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH IN 1918 (THROUGH THE PRIZE OF DOCUMENTS OF THE SECOND SESSION OF THE ALL-UKRAINIAN ORTHODOX COUNCIL)

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
A. Sliusarenko ◽  
T. Pshenychnyi
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church ◽  
Church Tradition

The events that are taking place today in the church field of the Ukrainian State testify to the importance of the national church in building the national security of the country. The union of the church with the state has been formed for centuries, and to consider the absence of this tandem today would be wrong. However, such an alliance can be dangerous for the state if the church provokes separatism, ignites national conflict, undermines the national security of the state. Evidence of this is the aggressive policy of the leaders of the Russian Orthodox Church towards Ukraine throughout history, which has turned the church into an instrument of political games. Thus, by annexing the Metropolitan of Kiev in 1686 and establishing a protectorate over the Ukrainian church space, the leaders of the Russian Orthodox Church did everything to destroy the Ukrainian church tradition. History of Ukraine of the twentieth century testifies to the repeated attempts of Ukrainians to get out of the grip of the Russian Orthodox Church and build their own independent Ukrainian Orthodox Church. A striking example of this is the All-Ukrainian Orthodox Church Council of 1918, which, in the context of national competitions of the Ukrainian people for their own state, brought to the agenda of the revolutionary events the question of independence of the Ukrainian Church. At the second session of the Council, the idea of autocephaly of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church for the first time in many years consolidated a small part of the Ukrainian church and political elite around it. This article is devoted to analyzing the documents of this council session. The author tries to present the main stages of the competition for the autocephaly of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and the difficulties that have arisen.

THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALIZATION OF INTERNAL AND EXTENAL SOURCES OF NATIONAL SECURITY THREATS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROOPERTY SPHERE BY SYNAPSE TARGETING

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Олександр Бутнік-Сіверський
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
National Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Organizational Mechanism ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Security Structure

The article summarizes the theoretical issues of essence, interpretation, coverage of national security features, structure and factors as a systemic concept. The national interest of the state in national security is considered as the determining source of formation of strategic goal, strategic tasks, object of directions and directions of development of the nation.Attention is drawn to the fact that intellectual and innovation security, scientific and technical security, as well as the neutralization of internal and external sources of national security threats are considered as separate constituent elements of the national security structure and those that permeate other elements of the structure on the principle of diffusion, depending on the existing ones tasks.It is stated that neutralization of internal sources of threats and protection against external threats is impossible without the participation of the state as an independent institution, which implements the systemic target policy and implements it in the form of organizational mechanism for promoting the neutralization of threats,sending an effective impulse of the importance of carrying out appropriate organizational measures with obligatory feedback the result achieved. It is here that the synapse is traced in the form of a connection with the national security structure by giving signals to certain centers of creative and inventive activity, with a feedbacksignal to a certain center of perception of national security targets at different levels of the hierarchy of public administration, which is the main condition for neutralization of internal and external sources of national security threats. It achieves the establishment of a neural function (signaling) by analogy in the control system at the micro, meso and macro levels of the real economy and the national legal system of intellectual property related to the objectives of national security. The influence of the intellectual property sphere on the development of national security theory in the direction of two interrelated types of national security — internal and external, which each has its own peculiarities, is considered.

Poland’s Security Policy. Experiences and Recommendations

2019 ◽  
Vol 697 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kośmider
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Security System ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Justice ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

The processes of development and functioning of the State in the context of its security certainly have to be considered not only in a multisectoral perspective, but also in the perspective of the so-called “longevity,” the effects of which are perceived in a broader sense. Capturing the essence of the described phenomena, the regularities of which have a universal dimension, is crucial for research. It is impossible to envisage a future, also in terms of security, without dialogue with the past. The history of Poland does not coincide with a simple series of events substantiating contemporary conditions or confirming confidence in the victory of historical justice. In this context, the question of historical conclusions regarding the “nature” of the Polish state and its future remains relevant. The assessment of strategic directions of the Polish security policy, seen through the prism of rich (over a thousand) years of experience proves that the creation of new assumptions of the national security system without considering the conclusions drawn from history may constitute a deficient concept, comprising incomplete or even erroneous recommendations.

National Security Study Memorandum 39 and the Future of United States Policy toward Southern Africa

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Edgar Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Security ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
State Department ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
United States Policy ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Magazine Articles ◽  
Security Study

For observers of U.S. policy toward Africa, this has been the fall of the "Nissem."Newspaper and magazine articles by Tad Szulc and Jack Anderson, based on the text of National Security Study Memorandum 39 of 1969 (NSSM 39), have popularized an alleged Nixon " tilt " toward Southern Africa's white regimes, stemming from a preference for protection of U.S. economic interests over ideals of democracy and decency. The State Department, embarrassed and flustered by the leak of another secret document, has tried to downplay its significance (calling it merely a preliminary study), and has disclaimed any change in policy.

Build and Destroy: Hip Hop, US Diplomacy, and Islam

Build ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 139-168
Author(s):  
Mark Katz
Keyword(s):  
Hip Hop ◽  
State Department ◽  
The State ◽  
Muslim Youth ◽  
Good Will ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter focuses on how the State Department has deployed hip hop as a means to engage with global Muslim youth since 9/11. This engagement is revealed to reflect a broad US perspective on Islam, characterized by a mix of anxiety, curiosity, fetishism, and ignorance. The chapter explores how different Muslim hip hop artists view the relationship between their faith and their religion. The chapter concludes that hip hop diplomacy initiatives that focus on engaging Islam risk alienating Muslim participants and can generate resentment rather than good will. It is recommended that these programs focused on shared interests and not overemphasize religion.

scholarly journals "Rapper on a Rampage": Theorising the Political Significance of Aboriginal Australian Hip Hop and Reggae

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron White
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
Hip Hop ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Hegemony ◽  
Aboriginal Australians ◽  
Political Expression ◽  
History Of

Hip hop is a powerful vehicle for the expression of identity and resistance in contemporary Aboriginal popular music. This paper examines the origins of Aboriginal hip hop and explains the reasons for its cultural and political significance. By looking at the influence of reggae in Aboriginal hip hop, especially in the work of CuzCo (Wire MC and Choo Choo), it locates hip hop’s history in terms of the reggae tradition in Aboriginal popular music, represented here by the work of No Fixed Address in the early 1980s. In this way hip hop is understood as part of a longer history of Aboriginal transnationalism. The paper seeks to understand how and why transnationalism is such an important element of Aboriginal political expression. It concludes by arguing that transnationalism represents a speaking position from which Aboriginal Australians can negotiate the cultural hegemony of the state.

History of the State Department III

1909 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-162
Author(s):  
Gaillard Hunt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
State Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
History Of

During the interval between the inauguration of the President and the formation of the Executive Departments, the old Departments performed such executive duties as were indispensable. On July 11, 1789, for example, “ by the hands of Mr. Jay,” Washington sent to the Senate for ratification a consular convention with France. On July 22 the Senate — Resolved, that the Secretary of Foreign Affairs under the former Congress be requested to peruse the said convention and to give his opinion how far he conceives the faith of the United States to be engaged, either by former agreed stipulations or negotiations entered into by our minister at the court of Versailles, to ratify in its present sense or form the convention now referred to the Senate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document