New Beginnings in the Post-War Years

Georges Auric ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 133-156
Author(s):  
Colin Roust
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Film Festivals ◽  
World War ◽  
French Cinema ◽  
Incidental Music ◽  
New Beginnings ◽  
Post War ◽  
French Tradition ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The U.S

After World War II, Auric enjoyed a privileged position in the French musical scene, with numerous ballets and scores of incidental music. He was also by this time the leading composer for the French cinema; he remains the only person to have won music prizes at both the Cannes and Venice film festivals. From the 1940s through the 1960s, he composed dozens of films in the French “tradition of quality,” but also for British and American films and for international co-productions. He also was elected to the Administrative Council at SACEM, ultimately serving as President for three decades. In the late 1950s, he was a defendant in Hirshon v. United Artists, a case that clarified two sections of the U.S. Copyright Code, and he was also the principal lobbyist on behalf of the Loi Escarra, the first modern copyright law in France.

The Post-War Period: 1946–1972

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Ragsdale ◽  
Jerrold G. Rusk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Voting Rights Act ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Individual

Abstract: The chapter considers nonvoting after World War II, a unique electoral period in American history with the lowest nonvoting rates of any period from 1920–2012. The post-war period also boasts the highest economic growth rate of any of the four periods, coupled with the early days of television which transformed politics in the 1950s. In general, economic growth and the introduction of television move nonvoting rates downward. The chapter also considers in detail the struggles leading to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the law’s impact on nonvoting rates among African Americans. It also uncovers that in the 1960s the Vietnam War increased nonvoting. The chapter begins an analysis of nonvoting at the individual level. The less individuals know about the campaign context and the less they form comparisons between the candidates, the more likely they will say home on Election Day.

scholarly journals Kina na Dolnym Śląsku: rekonesans historyczny

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (35) ◽  
pp. 129-145
Author(s):  
Andrzej Dębski Andrzej Dębski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Internet ◽  
World War ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Database ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Mass Entertainment ◽  
Lower Silesia

The highest level of cinema attendance in Lower Silesia after World War II was recorded in 1957. It was higher than before the war and lower than during the war. In the years that followed it steadily declined, influenced by global processes, especially the popularity of television. This leads us to reflect on the continuity of historical and film processes, and to look at the period from the 1920s to the 1960s as the ‘classical’ period in the history of cinema, when it was the main branch of mass entertainment. The examples of three Lower Silesian cities of different size classes (Wroclaw, Jelenia Gora, Strzelin) show how before World War II the development from ‘the store cinema [or the kintopp] to the cinema palace’ proceeded. Attention is also drawn to the issue of the destruction of cinematic infrastructure and its post-war reconstruction. In 1958 the press commented that ‘if someone produced a map with the towns marked in which cinemas were located, the number would increase as one moved westwards’. This was due to Polish (post-war) and German (pre-war) cinema building. The discussion closes with a description of the Internet Historical Database of Cinemas in Lower Silesia, which collects data on cinemas that once operated or are now operating in the region.

scholarly journals This Thing Called Goodwill: The Reynolds Metals Company and Political Networking in Wartime America

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1044-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW PERCHARD
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
World War ◽  
Government Relations ◽  
Global Player ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Right ◽  
The U.S

This article examines the Reynolds Metals Company’s political networking activities in Washington, D.C., and the state capitals of the U.S. South in the 1940s and 1950s. It argues that Reynolds’ astute recruitment of senior staff from federal and state governments, its adept building of elite networks in the legislative and executive branches, its judicious espousing of key political rhetoric (antitrust, regional development, national security), as well as its nurturing of Democratic circles in the South were crucial to their attainment of competitive advantage. This saw the company rise from being a new entrant in the U.S. primary aluminum production during World War II to the second-largest national producer by 1946 and a major global player by the mid-1950s. This same political networking was critical in maintaining that advantage after World War II in the face of competition from the Aluminum Company of America and the Canadian multinational Aluminium Company of Canada. Both “wartime” (covering the period from World War II and into the Cold War) and the legacy of government intervention (from the early twentieth century until the 1960s, including the New Deal) provided a fertile context for RMC’s business strategy. The company’s success owed much to founder Richard S. Reynolds Sr.’s acumen in hiring the right people, creating or joining the right networks, having the right social capital, as well as his experiences and connections accrued from working with his uncle, the noted tobacco magnate R. J. Reynolds. The article offers insights into the nature of U.S. business–government relations.

scholarly journals The Optimism of Absence: An Archaeology of Displacement, Effacement, and Modernity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Mullins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Urban Renewal ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Global Projects ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The University ◽  
American Cities

In the 1960s Edward J. Zebrowski turned the razing of Indianapolis, Indiana into a compelling show of forward-looking community optimism illuminating the power of displacement. When Zebrowski’s company toppled the Knights of Pythias Hall in 1967, for instance, he installed bleachers and hired an organist to play from the back of a truck as the twelve-storey Romanesque Revival structure was reduced to rubble. Two years later, the ‘Big Z’ hosted a party in the Claypool Hotel and ushered guests outside at midnight to watch as the floodlit building met its end at the wrecking ball (Figure 12.1). Zebrowski’s theatricality perhaps distinguished him from the scores of wrecking balls dismantling American cities, but his celebration of the city’s material transformation mirrored the sentiments of many urbanites in the wake of World War II. The post-war period was punctuated by a flurry of destruction and idealistic redevelopment in American cities like Indianapolis just as the international landscape was being rebuilt from the ruins of the war. In 1959 the New York Times’ Austin Wehrwein (1959: 61) assessed the University of Chicago’s massive displacement in Hyde Park and drew a prescient parallel to post-war Europe when he indicated that ‘wrecking crews have cleared large tracts, so that areas near the university resemble German cities just after World War II’. Indeed, much of Europe was distinguished less by ruins and redevelopment than demolition and emptied landscapes removing the traces of warfare that states wished to reclaim or efface; in the United States, urban renewal likewise took aim on impractical, unappealing, or otherwise unpleasant urban fabric and the people who called such places home (see also Ernsten, Chapter 10, for this process associated with the policies of apartheid in Cape Town). These global projects removed wartime debris and razed deteriorating prewar landscapes, extending interwar urban renewal projects that embraced the fantasy of a ‘blank slate’ as they built various unevenly executed imaginations of modernity. However, many optimistic development plans in Europe and the United States alike were abandoned or disintegrated into ruins themselves, simply leaving blank spaces on the landscape. Consequently, the legacy of urban renewal and post-war reconstruction is not simply modernist architecture; instead, post-war landscape transformation is signalled by distinctive absences dispersed amidst post-war architectural space and traces of earlier built environments.

scholarly journals Jim Crow Democracy: The U.S. South and Racialized Policy-Making in the Aftermath of World War II

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 547-565
Author(s):  
Maarten Zwiers
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
World War ◽  
White Southerners ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
Post War ◽  
The U.S

Segregationist politicians from the U.S. South played key roles in devising plans for the reconstruction of Germany, the Marshall Plan and the drafting of displaced persons legislation. This article discusses how their Jim Crow ideology calibrated the global and domestic order that emerged from the ashes of World War II. Southern advocates of this ideology dealt with national and foreign issues from a regional perspective, which was based on the protection of agricultural interests and a nascent military-industrial complex, but above all, on the defence of white supremacy. In general, they followed a lenient course toward Germany after the country’s defeat in World War II, for various reasons. The shared experience of post-war reconstruction, containment of communism and feelings of kinship between the Germanic people and the Anglo-Saxons of the U.S. South were some of the motives why many white southerners did not endorse punitive measures against the former enemy. For them, an obvious connection existed between the local and the global, which strongly reverberated in the formation of U.S. foreign and domestic policy in the post-war world. The rebuilding of Germany and the fugitive question were shaped on the basis of a Jim Crow blueprint.

scholarly journals Intra-Church processes during the implementation of parish reform in the 1st half of the 1960s

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Sergey M. Zinchuk
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Nikita Khrushchev ◽  
Church Life ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Church

The author describes in the article some important components and features of Church life in the period initiated by Nikita Khrushchev and known as the parish reform, which, among other things, was aimed at undermining the fi nancial base of the Russian Orthodox Church (hereinafter referred to as the Church) in the USSR. It is noted that Stalin's post-war system of state-Church relations had a serious defect in the form of ineffective legal consolidation: in addition, after the end of the World War II, the question if the Soviet power praised Orthodoxy and other religions stood no longer disappeared. All this allowed Stalin's successors carrying out a number of serious measures aimed at weakening the Church. Khrushchev's religious policy differed from the persecution of the 1920s-1930s, because it included measures aimed at indirect destruction of Orthodoxy, primarily through administrative pressure on the clergy and laity. The parish reform, aimed at depriving deans of fi nancial powers and handing them over to churchwardens, appointed, in fact, by local authorities, which allowed to ruin churches and monasteries with compliance with the formalities of the regime's toleration, can be considered to be a typical manifestation of that trend.

scholarly journals The Army-Navy Contest for Control of Land-Based Antisubmarine Aviation and the Military Unification Debate, 1942–1948

2019 ◽  
pp. 270-295
Author(s):  
George H. Monahan
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
War Department ◽  
Military Command ◽  
Post War ◽  
Civilian Leadership ◽  
The Military ◽  
Secretary Of War ◽  
The U.S

In this chapter, George H. Monahan discusses the success of the German U-boat offensive in the Western Atlantic after the U.S. entry into World War II, which led the War Department leadership to believe that the U.S. Navy was not employing adequate antisubmarine tactics. In the application of airpower to combat the submarine threat, the War Department and Army leadership believed that aggressive "hunter-killer" tactics would prove more effective than the Navy's preferred defensive tactic of conducting aerial patrols in the vicinity of convoys. Navy leaders, meanwhile, contended that its defensive tactics were the best method of protecting shipping. A bitter interservice conflict ensued as the War Department sought to initiate an Army Air Forces antisubmarine offensive over the Bay of Biscay. Claiming jurisdiction over all air operations at sea, the Navy leadership firmly opposed the War Department's initiative and insisted that Army Air Forces antisubmarine units operate according to the Navy's defensive doctrine. Secretary of War Henry Stimson's frustration over Admiral Ernest King's refusal to accede to the War Department antisubmarine initiative led the former to support a post-war reorganization of the military command apparatus, thereby ensuring Navy subordination to civilian leadership under an overarching Secretary of Defense.

scholarly journals Mortality trends in Finland and Latvia

1991 ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Tapani Valkonen ◽  
Zvidrins Krumins ◽  
Zvidrins Peteris
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
World War ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Statistical Yearbook

This article compares the development of mortality in Finland and Latvia from the pre-World War II time to the 1980s. This comparison is particularly interesting, because both the socioeconomic conditions and the levels of mortality were relatively similar in these countries in the 1920s and 1930s. Since the Second World War the economic and social development of Finland has differed from that of Latvia, which was incorporated into the Soviet Union. The differences in mortality trends between Finland and Latvia may thus shed light on the effects of the Soviet regime on mortality. The detailed analysis of the post-war mortality in Latvia has been virtually impossible until recently. Up to the end of the 1950s there were practically no open publications on mortality. From the beginning of the 1960s to the mid-1970s the statistical yearbook of Latvia published only a few selected indicators of mortality and life expectancy. From the mid-1970s till the mid-1980s the publication of these data stopped altogether. Limited information was included in bulletins and statistical collections that were meant for restricted circulation. The situation changed radically in 1988— 1989 when institutions of statistics essentially broadened the scope and content of published data on mortality, including age-specific death rates and mortality by cause of death.

scholarly journals Student Life Transformed: A Post-World War Two Institutional Case Study of St. Francis Xavier University

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
James D. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Student Attitudes ◽  
Student Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Undergraduate Experience ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S

This paper is an institutional case study of how post-World War II social trends reconfigured Canadian universities and colleges and thus substantially altered the undergraduate experience. The study focuses on the church-related college of St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. By marshalling a combination of salient documentary, oral, survey, and statistical evidence, the author concludes that critical processes, such as rising enrolments, physical plant expansion, faculty laicization, the campaign for student power, and gradual integration of the sexes transformed key dimensions of student life. Pronounced changes occurred in the sociology of residence life, in student attitudes to institutional authority, in student-faculty relations, in institutional decision-making processes, in gender relations, in program offerings and curricular regulations, in rules governing student social life, and in the role of religion. Consequently, the student who enrolled after the 1960s entered a markedly different institution than the student's predecessor who had been admitted as an undergraduate before 1945. The research demonstrates the value of the close analysis of student life at the local institutional level in the post-war era for understanding the contours of the contemporary undergraduate experience.

scholarly journals The Causes of the Collapse of the Bretton Woods System and Its Influence on International Relationship

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Yuzhou Lu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Uneven Development ◽  
World War ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
The World ◽  
International Power ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S

<p>The Bretton Woods System was formulated by Britain and the United States and other countries before the end of World War II, and it could keep the worldwide hegemony of the United States and was closely related to the economic development and post-war pattern of each country. However, in the 1960s, the weaknesses of this system were showed through the Triffin problem. Besides, there were obvious institutional defects as for this system. All of these led to the collapse of the system under the circumstance of uneven development of capitalism. Although the system has already got out of the stage of history, it still influences the economic recovery of various countries around the world, and it is significant to enhance the international power and change the post-war pattern.</p>

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