The Demand for Pharmaceuticals in Major International Markets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart O. Schweitzer ◽  
Z. John Lu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditure ◽  
National Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Markets ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Difference

This chapter provides a comparative analysis of pharmaceutical expenditure levels across major global markets. It identifies several factors for the difference across countries, including national income, spending on overall healthcare, price for substitutable healthcare products and services, age distribution, patient and physician tastes and preferences, and even culture. The discussion focuses on seven of the largest national markets outside the United States: Japan, China, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Brazil. While there are notable differences between these markets, one especially important commonality distinguishes them from the United States: in every single market, the central government plays a pivotal role in the determination of drug prices by using its monopsonist power in negotiations with and regulations of drug manufacturers.

Substituting a Judgment of Best Interests: Dignity and the Application of Objective Principles to PVS Cases in the U.K.

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Pradella
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Substituted Judgment ◽  
Abortion Debate ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
National Legislatures

AbstractThe mêlée that surrounded the last days of Terri Schiavo's life was reminiscent of a classical Greek tragedy. Much like Antigone, Ms. Schiavo became enmeshed in irresistible and opposite forces, resolved to use her situation as an arena for the determination of political and legal issues as diverse as the exercise of states' rights, the extent of individual rights, the role of the judiciary, the re-opening of the abortion debate, and the regulation of stem cell research. As Europeans watched the drama unfold, the forces at play in the United States clashed head-on, in a rhetorically inflammatory spectacle which, on this side of the Atlantic, left many aghast. Most unsettling was the prospect of individuals wielding the power of state and national legislatures in what was, ultimately, an intensely personal affair.In the United Kingdom, the struggle was a stark reminder of the differences, not only between British and American political culture, but between our approaches to legal issues which present themselves at the end of life. The existence of well-established procedures and principles, and the extensive involvement of neutral third parties and the courts in pursuit of an objective determination of an individual patient's 'best interests', are key to the conclusion that Terri Schiavo's case would have been handled at least as effectively and efficiently as it was by the courts in Florida and the United States. That issues of consent and capacity can be determined by British courts on the basis of generally applicable principles leads to the subsequent conclusion that a 'best interests' determination leaves significantly less scope for conflict than the individualistic, much more personal and determinative construct of the 'substituted judgment' test in the United States.

Pharmaceutical Prices

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart O. Schweitzer ◽  
Z. John Lu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
The United States ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Pharmaceutical Pricing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Prices

This chapter provides a detailed examination of pharmaceutical pricing strategies in the United States. It points out that pharmaceutical expenditure as a share of total healthcare spending has historically been quite low in comparison to that of hospitalization and physician services. It identifies several common measures of pharmaceutical prices, and highlights the difference in conclusions reached based on different measures. It offers a critical review of several models used to explain pharmaceutical price behavior, which are grouped into three major categories: market structure models, R&D cost-based models, and product quality or value based models. The chapter concludes that prices of brand-name drugs in the United States are largely driven by product quality attributes, not cost of R&D. Lastly, the chapter examines the impact of generic entry on price.

“Nothing More to Be Done”: Palliative Care Versus Exerimental Therapy in Advanced Cancer

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilana Löwy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Experimental Therapy ◽  
Incurable Cancer ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Experimental Therapies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

The ArgumentPatients suffering from advanced, incurable cancer often receive from their doctors proposals to enroll in a clinical trial of an experimental therapy. Experimental therapies are increasingly perceived not as a highly problematic approach but as a near-standard way to deal with incurable cancer. There are, however, important differences in the diffusion of these therapies in Western countries. The large diffusion of experimental therapies for malignant disease in the United States contrasts with the much more restricted diffusion of these therapies in the United Kingdom. The difference between the two reflects differences in the organization of health care in these countries and distinct patterns of the professionalization of medical oncology in America and in Britain. The high density and great autonomy of medical oncologists in the United States encourages there the diffusion of experimental therapies (regarded by some as expensive and inefficient); the lower density of these specialists in the United Kingdom and their task as consultants and not primary caregivers, favors the choice of more conservative (for some, too conservative) treatments. Theoretically, the decision as to whether patients suffering from advanced, incurable cancer will be steered toward an experimental therapy or toward palliative care depends on the values and beliefs of these patients and their physicians. In practice, however, such choice does not depend exclusively on the individual' cultural background and ethical values, but is also strongly affected by the — culturally conditioned — Professional and institutional structure of medicine

scholarly journals Dark web and bitcoin: an analysis of the impact of digital anonymate and criptomoids in the practice of money laundering crime

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-285
Author(s):  
Romulo Rhemo Palitot Braga ◽  
Arthur Augusto Barbosa Luna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deep Web ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dark Web

This article analyzes some of the existing digital anonymity technologies, as well as their impact on the process and facilitation of the money laundering process. It presents the concept of superficial Internet and clarifies the difference between the Deep Web and the Dark Web, exposing how it works one of its most important operating structures, the TOR protocol. It also details the operation of BitCoin, one of the most important crypto-coins today, and draws a parallel on how these technologies can impact the practice of money laundering, as well as discusses the capacity of the mechanisms currently in place to curb and punish it. The anonymity guaranteed by the use of BitCoin is so much that in the first half of May 2017, hackers infected thousands of computers in dozens of countries, including Brazil, the United Kingdom, the United States, China, Russia, Spain and Italy, encrypting computer files and requiring redemption payment for the coded data.

The use of oestrogens in fat lamb production

1955 ◽  
Vol 1955 ◽  
pp. 18-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. W. Averill
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Difference

Recent work, mainly American, has indicated the possibility of using implanted synthetic oestrogens to induce faster and more economical weight gains in fattening lambs. Little has yet been done in this country to repeat or to extend these observations, and a possible reason for this may lie in the difference between the organisation of the fat lamb industries of the United Kingdom and the United States. Here, as in New Zealand and in other countries rearing sheep principally on pastures, many lambs are sold fat at light weights, while those not so well finished at weaning may either be fattened on grass or other green crops, or be overwintered and fattened as hoggets on grass in the following spring. In the U.K. fat lambs are thus seldom fed dry feeds as they are under U.S. ‘feed-lot’ conditions, and are slaughtered at rather lighter weights than their U.S. counterparts.

scholarly journals A STATISTICAL STUDY OF MORTALITY FROM LEUKEMIA

Blood ◽  
1947 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
MILTON S. SACKS ◽  
ISADORE SEEMAN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The recorded death rate from leukemia in the United States has risen continuously since 1900, with an accelerated rate of increase since 1930. The rise from a rate of 1.9 per 100,000 population in 1920 to 3.7 in 1940 represents an increase of 94.7 per cent in this twenty-year period. This increase cannot be accounted for by changes in the age distribution of the population, for the age specific death rates have increased in each age group. The factor of increasing recognition of the disease resulting from improved diagnostic technics and greater use of hospitals with their laboratory facilities must be given adequate consideration in an effort to determine the causes for the rising death rate. White persons are affected at a rate more than twice as great as nonwhites. Some of the difference must be attributed to variations in the availability of diagnostic services. Males experience a rate approximately one-third greater than females. Leukemia affects persons in the older ages, particularly over 55 years, with the greatest frequency, and the population under 5 years of age experiences a mortality rate higher than any other age under 45 years. In the intermediate ages the death rate falls to the lowest point. In 1940 the death rate from leukemia for all ages was 3.7 per 100,000 population. The highest rate, 15.7 per 100,000 occurred in the age group 75-84 years. Under 1 year the rate was 4.9 per 100,000. The lowest rate, 1.5 per 100,000, occurred in the ages from 15 to 2.4 years. Figures for the city of Baltimore for the five-year period 1939-1943 indicate an almost equal incidence of lymphoid and myeloid leukemia. Nearly two-thirds of the deaths studied in Baltimore were reported as acute leukemia. Acute myeloid leukemia appears to be more common than acute lymphoid. After age 45 chronic leukemia is more frequently observed; younger persons experience acute leukemia most commonly. Undoubtedly many deaths result from leukemia in which this disease was neither diagnosed nor recorded on a death certificate. Clinical evidence indicates that the causes in which this failure would occur most commonly are cancer, anemia, and diseases of the spleen. Statistical evidence reveals that these conditions are certified jointly with leukemia in a significant number and proportion of cases. Comparison of the experience of several countries indicates that the general trends of mortality from leukemia in the United States are common to the other communities. The death rates per 100,000 population in 1931 adjusted for differences in age and sex composition of the population were: United States, 3.5; England and Wales, 3.0; Paris 2.5; and Canada 2.3. Each year since 1940 more than 5,000 persons in the United States have died from leukemia.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF DETERMINATION OF SNOW LOADS FOR ROOFS IN BUILDING CODES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Alexander Belostotsky ◽  
Nikita Britikov ◽  
Oleg Goryachevsky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Building Codes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Snow Loads ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment

The article compares the requirements for calculating the snow load on the coatings of buildings and structures in accordance with the regulations of technically developed countries and associations – Russia, the European Union, Canada and the United States. It was revealed that in these norms the general approaches, the subtleties of calculating the coefficients, the set of standard coatings and the schemes of the form coefficient proposed for them differ significantly. This situation reflects the general problem of determining snow loads – at the moment there is no recognized unified scientifically grounded approach to determining snow loads on coatings of even the simplest form. The difference in the normative schemes of snow loads is clearly demonstrated by the example of a three-level roof.

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