Organizational Inequality Regimes

2019 ◽  
pp. 70-106
Author(s):  
Donald Tomaskovic-Devey ◽  
Dustin Avent-Holt
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Cultural Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Workplace Inequality ◽  
Informal Practices ◽  
Resource Levels ◽  
Class And Status ◽  
Organizational Rules

This chapter describes organizations as inequality regimes. Regimes are comprised of the resources available for distribution; the task-, class-, and status-based social relations within organizations; formal and informal practices used to accomplish goals and tasks; and internal cultural models of people, work, and inequality, often adapted from the society at large to fit local social relationships. Resource levels, national institutions, organizational rules and practices, local organizational cultures, and status intersectionality constitute the basic sources of variation in inequality regimes. Case studies examine historical and contemporary workplace inequality regime variation in Japan, Sweden, Mexico, Germany, and the United States. The role of intersectionality in producing regime variation is explored.

Relational Inequalities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Tomaskovic-Devey ◽  
Dustin Avent-Holt
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Cultural Models ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Social Closure ◽  
Workplace Inequality ◽  
Informal Practices ◽  
Class And Status ◽  
Technology Industries

Relational Inequalities focuses on the organizational production of categorical inequalities, in the context of the intersectional complexity and institutional fluidity that characterize social life. Three generic inequality-generating mechanisms—exploitation, social closure, and claims-making—distribute organizational resources, rewards, and respect. The actual levels and contours of the inequalities produced by these three mechanisms are, however, profoundly contingent on the historical moments and institutional fields in which organizations operate. Organizational inequality regimes are comprised of the resources available for distribution; the task-, class-, and status-based social relations within organizations; formal and informal practices used to accomplish goals and tasks; and internal cultural models of people, work, and inequality, often adapted from the society at large to fit local social relationships. Legal and cultural institutions as they are filtered through workplace inequality regimes steer which groups are exploited and excluded, blocking or facilitating the conditions that lead to exploitation and closure. Sometimes exploitative and closure claims-making are naked and open for all to see; more often, they are institutionalized, taken for granted, and legitimated, sometimes even by those being exploited and excluded. The implications of RIT for social science and equality agendas are discussed in the conclusion. Case studies examine historical and contemporary workplace inequality regime variation in multiple countries. The role of intersectionality in producing regime variation is explored repeatedly across the book. Many occupations and industries are examined in depth, with particular attention given to engineers, CEOs, financial service, airlines, and information technology industries.

Labour Relations in Disorganized Capitalism: A Five-Nation Comparison

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Lash ◽  
P Bagguley
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Recent Developments

A critique of the ‘Regulation School's' account of the development of ‘post-Fordist’ patterns of industrial relations is presented. An alternative account of the ‘disorganization’ of capitalist social relations is presented with particular emphasis on the role of agents of disorganization of labour relations, It is shown through a comparative analysis of recent developments in industrial relations in Sweden, West Germany, France, Great Britain, and the United States of America that the particular patterns of disorganization will vary depending on whether capital, labour, or the state has most influence over the process of restructuring.

Cuds and Snipes: Labor at Chicago's Auditorium Building, 1887–1889

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT TWOMBLY
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Work Of Art

Historians are more likely to examine monumental buildings as finished products than as processes of construction. Chicago's Auditorium Building was monumentality itself: upon completion in 1890 it was the largest edifice in the United States, and an exceptionally elegant one. Though often discussed as a work of art, an urban icon, and a measure of regional accomplishment, it has yet to be considered as a nexus of social relations. For monument appraisal tends to overlook the role of labor – including its relations with capital – that is not only inherent to the construction process, but that in this instance also affected Chicago's future. It was precisely the Auditorium's monumentality that prompted local trade unions to develop new tactics that yielded unprecedented results.

The Fall and Rise of Extraterritoriality

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kal Raustiala
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Progressive Movement ◽  
National Regulation

The opening decades of the twentieth century were a period of great change in international politics. The First World War led not only to a reallocation of territorial possessions—the empires of the great powers had reached their zeniths—but also to a reallocation of power in world politics. Leadership began to flow from Great Britain, the “weary titan,” to the comparatively wealthy and vibrant United States. The newly formed League of Nations sought to manage international conflict but, with the United States refusing to join, was soon overwhelmed by rising violence. Nations turned inward, no longer willing to pursue the economic interdependence of the late nineteenth century. In E. H. Carr’s famous words, a “twenty years’ crisis” began at the close of the “war to end all wars”; the crisis culminated in the onset of another, even deadlier, war in 1939. These were also decades of ferment at home. The Progressive movement was recasting American politics, while the voting franchise expanded. At the same time the federal government was becoming a much more significant force in American life. The role of the federal government had long been limited. What scholars call the administrative state was quite small until the early twentieth century. By the 1940s, by contrast, the federal government comprised a rich and powerful array of agencies and departments, many devoted to regulating economic and social relations. These regulatory agencies, and the laws they implemented, provided a new frontier in the development of norms and rules of territoriality. The onset of comprehensive national regulation had many causes. Industrialization, the nationalization of the economy, and the Depression and its associated political upheaval—all these and more contributed to a remarkable shift in the role of government. In a wave of lawmaking that began in the 1890s, and accelerated dramatically with the New Deal, the United States promulgated a myriad of new laws aimed at subjecting economic and social activity to government power. One of the first examples of this new genre of statutes was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890.

scholarly journals The Language of Inequality: Evidence Economic Inequality Increases Wealth Category Salience

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722110366
Author(s):  
Kim Peters ◽  
Jolanda Jetten ◽  
Porntida Tanjitpiyanond ◽  
Zhechen Wang ◽  
Frank Mols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
News Media ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Rich

There is evidence that in more economically unequal societies, social relations are more strained. We argue that this may reflect the tendency for wealth to become a more fitting lens for seeing the world, so that in economically more unequal circumstances, people more readily divide the world into “the haves” and “have nots.” Our argument is supported by archival and experimental evidence. Two archival analyses reveal that at times of greater inequality, books in the United Kingdom and the United States and news media in English-speaking countries were more likely to mention the rich and poor. Three experiments, two preregistered, provided evidence for the causal role of economic inequality in people’s use of wealth categories when describing life in a fictional society; effects were weaker when examining real economic contexts. Thus, one way in which inequality changes the world may be by changing how we see it.

Toward an Image of One's Own: Sources of Variation in the Role of Occupational Therapists in Psychosocial Practice

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roann Barris
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
The United States ◽  
Professional Beliefs ◽  
Educational Needs Assessment ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Ideological Conflict ◽  
Role Definitions

Two notable characteristics of current psychosocial occupational therapy practice are ideological conflict and unclear or inconsistent role definitions Because professional education can contribute to or alleviate ideological conflict, this study proposed an educational needs assessment that would examine relationships between predominant ideologies in psychosocial practice and therapists' corresponding treatment activities The study surveyed therapists across the United States and found that there was a widespread prevalence of occupational behavior practices, despite the subjects' claims of differing ideologies Although all therapists were affected by their work environment, the therapists adhering to the occupational behavior ideology were less affected by the environment in shaping their roles according to professional beliefs.

The role of impulsivity, social relations online and offline, and compulsive Internet use in cyberaggression: A four-country study

2021 ◽  
pp. 146144482110094
Author(s):  
Izabela Zych ◽  
Markus Kaakinen ◽  
Iina Savolainen ◽  
Anu Sirola ◽  
Hye-Jin Paek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Social Predictors ◽  
Harmful Behavior

Cyberaggression is a harmful behavior, but cross-national studies on cyberaggression including relations among its individual and social predictors are limited. This study aimed to discover the direct and indirect relations among individual and social predictors of cyberaggression in socio-demographically balanced survey data set of 4816 15–25-year-old participants from Finland ( n = 1200, 50.0% female), South Korea ( n = 1192, 50.34% female), Spain ( n = 1212, 48.76% female), and the United States ( n = 1212, 50.17% female). Both, impulsivity and involvement in online cliques (i.e., identity bubbles) were related to more cyberaggression in the four countries. The relation between impulsivity and cyberaggression was partially mediated by compulsive Internet use in Finland, Spain, and the United States, but not in South Korea. The relation between identity bubble involvement and cyberaggression was mediated via compulsive Internet use only in the Spanish sample. Findings of this study can be used for policy and practice against cyberaggression.

The Role of Gender and Sensation Seeking in Film Choice

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita C. Banerjee ◽  
Kathryn Greene ◽  
Marina Krcmar ◽  
Zhanna Bagdasarov ◽  
Dovile Ruginyte
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Happy Mood

This study demonstrates the significance of individual difference factors, particularly gender and sensation seeking, in predicting media choice (examined through hypothetical descriptions of films that participants anticipated they would view). This study used a 2 (Positive mood/negative mood) × 2 (High arousal/low arousal) within-subject design with 544 undergraduate students recruited from a large northeastern university in the United States. Results showed that happy films and high arousal films were preferred over sad films and low-arousal films, respectively. In terms of gender differences, female viewers reported a greater preference than male viewers for happy-mood films. Also, male viewers reported a greater preference for high-arousal films compared to female viewers, and female viewers reported a greater preference for low-arousal films compared to male viewers. Finally, high sensation seekers reported a preference for high-arousal films. Implications for research design and importance of exploring media characteristics are discussed.

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