Influence of Social, Economic and Family Factors on Alcohol Consumption: A Systematic Review

Alcohol consumption is increasing global and it is the reasons for large number of death. According to WHO 2018, 3.3 million deaths worldwide related to alcohol consumption was recorded in 2016 alone. The use of alcohol has a serious impact on lives which leads to poverty, road accident, injury, domestic violence and crime. This study reviews the literature to find the predictors and provide direction for future work. Using a systematic literature review, several filtering process using selected keywords a total of 20 articles were reviewed. The findings showed that most of studies were conducted in Europe followed by US. There are limited number of reviewed studies and the predictors are mainly related to socio-economic status, social factors, demographics, social networking sites, family factor and stress. Findings were discussed and direction of future work were highlighted. More studies are needed to understand the predictors of alcohol consumption in the community as large. Due to limited studies related alcohol consumption in the developing countries, topic of alcohol use are needed to be investigated in order to fill in the gap in the literature. It is important to identify and understand factors causes alcohol consumption which leads to social and health problems in the society. By identifying these predictors could reduce a potential risk when individuals are exposed to harmful behavior.

Toddlers draw broad negative inferences from wrongdoers’ moral violations

By 2 y of age, children possess expectations about several different moral principles. Building on these results, we asked whether children who observed a wrongdoer violate a principle would draw negative inferences from this violation about how the wrongdoer was likely to behave in other contexts. In four experiments, 25-mo-old toddlers (n = 152) first saw a wrongdoer harm a protagonist. When toddlers judged the wrongdoer’s behavior to violate the principle of ingroup support or harm avoidance, they did not find it unexpected if the wrongdoer next violated the principle of fairness by dividing resources unfairly between two other protagonists (Exps. 2 and 3), but they did find it unexpected if the wrongdoer next acted generously by giving another protagonist most of a resource to be shared between them (Exp. 4). When toddlers did not construe the wrongdoer’s harmful behavior as a moral violation, these responses reversed: They found it unexpected if the wrongdoer next acted unfairly (Exp. 1) but not if the wrongdoer next acted generously (Exp. 4). Detecting a moral violation thus lowered toddlers’ assessment of the wrongdoer’s moral character and brought down their expectations concerning the likelihood that the wrongdoer would perform: 1) obligatory actions required by other principles and 2) supererogatory or virtuous actions not required by the principles. Together, these findings expand our understanding of how young children evaluate others’ moral characters, and they reveal how these evaluations, in turn, enable children to form sophisticated expectations about others’ behavior in new contexts.

Pornography and Body Image

There is a concern that the bodies that are shown to us in sexually explicit media are changing what we think is beautiful, are making us anxious and depressed, and even are pushing us to engage in self-harmful behavior. This chapter provides theoretical explanations for why pornography images could impair health and reviews studies that have investigated this question. The chapter covers findings related to pubic hair removal, labiaplasty, vulva acceptance, men’s genital dissatisfaction, satisfaction with body shape and size, self-esteem and self-confidence, and expectations of partners’ bodies. The chapter concludes that pornography likely harms some people’s self-image, and for a minority of those who are harmed, it drives them to extreme behaviors and has mental health consequences. For the majority, pornography either has no effect, improves how they feel about their bodies, or underscores the body-related attitudes that they have already acquired from non-sexually-explicit media.

“Anything that looks like smoking is bad”: Moral opposition and support for harm reduction policies.

One dilemma faced by policy makers is the choice between banning a harmful behavior and allowing the behavior to continue but with mitigated harm. This latter approach––a harm reduction strategy––is often efficacious, yet policies of this sort can be unpopular if people morally oppose the target behavior (MacCoun, 2013). This raises interesting questions for understanding how judgments of harmfulness relate to moral opposition. In four studies (N = 1,088), including one U.S. representative sample, we found that increased moral opposition to cigarette smoking, risky sex, and gun ownership, was associated with less support for e-cigarette use, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and gun safety training, respectively—with one critical exception. When news broke of “vaping sickness” in 2019, we no longer observed this relationship. Interestingly, judgments of harmfulness of both gun ownership and risky sexual behavior, though correlated with moral opposition, positively predict policy support, suggesting that it is possible to judge a behavior as harmful but otherwise acceptable, and in that case harm-reduction policy is also acceptable. Together, these results highlight the multi-faceted nature of moral opposition and its implications for real-world policy.

Impacts of Abusing Drugs on Our Society

Alcohol, heroin, inhalants and similar are considered as drug of abuse in our society. These can ruin the lives of everyone. Infact these are slow poisons. Mostly teen agers are big victims of these drugs. They may be more likely to engage in harmful behavior. Alcohol, cigarettes, and crack cocaine are the most often consumed drugs by young people. Our objectives are to identify the effects of abusing drugs in our society and play a role to stop it. The study was done in the Faisalabad division by the interviews of people who were drug addicts through the questionnaire. This survey research was completed in March 2020 to June 2020. We interviewed about 450 drug addicts and we have found about six abusing drugs among those. The drugs were alcohol, heroin, marijuana, allergic injection, inhalant and opium and the percentage of addicts were 24, 30, 15, 14, 10 and 07 respectively. We also found 9% females and 91% males were involve and 25% were teen ager, 60% were between 20 to 40 years and 15% were above 40 years. It is concluded that authorities should play their role to stop this sin and it should be established a number of centers for treatment of the drug addicts.

Interactive effects of advising strength and brand familiarity on users' trust and distrust in online recommendation agents

PurposeThis paper investigates the effects of advising strength of a recommendation agent on users' trust and distrust beliefs and how the effects are moderated by perceived brand familiarity.Design/methodology/approachA research model is evaluated using a laboratory experiment with 149 participants.FindingsResults reveal that a strong advising tone leads to higher trust in terms of users' credibility and benevolence beliefs and lower distrust in terms of their discredibility beliefs (the trustor's concerns regarding the trustee's dishonesty and competence in engaging in harmful behavior) when perceived brand familiarity is high. By contrast, when brand familiarity is low, strong advising tone results in low trust in terms of users' credibility belief and high distrust in terms of their beliefs in discredibility and malevolence (concerns regarding the trustee's conduct in terms of a malicious intention that can hurt the trustor's welfare).Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the trust and distrust literature by studying how each of the dimensions of trust and distrust can be affected by an RA's design feature. It extends the attribution theory to the RA context by studying the moderating role of brand familiarity in determining the effects of the advising strength of an RA. It provides actionable guidelines for practitioners regarding the adoption of an RA's appropriate advising strength to promote different types of products.

The Prevalence of Sexual Interest in Children and Sexually Harmful Behavior Self-Reported by Men Recruited Through an Online Crowdsourcing Platform

This study examined the feasibility of using crowdsourcing to recruit men who self-report sexual interest in children or sexually problematic behavior involving children. Crowdsourcing refers to the use of the internet to reach a large number of people to complete a specific task. A nonrepresentative sample of men ( N = 997) participated in a brief self-report survey examining age of attraction, sexual interest in children, proclivity toward sexual offenses involving children, and history of sexual offending. Almost a quarter of the sample (23.1%) indicated some degree of sexual interest in children, propensity to sexually offend against children, and/or actual offending behavior. We present our data broken down by type of interest or behavior and examine the frequency of these outcomes. Findings are likely to be of value to those considering the viability of crowdsourcing to overcome the limitations or challenges of face-to-face research on stigmatizing interests and behaviors. Findings also contribute to estimating prevalence of self-reported sexual interest in children, and sexual offending behavior toward children, across different countries.

An Empirical Model For Validity And Verification Of Ai Behavior: Overcoming Ai Hazards In Neural Networks

Rapid progress in machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) has brought increasing attention to the potential impacts of AI technologies on society. This paper discusses hazards in machine learning systems, defined as unintended and harmful behavior that may emerge from poor design of real-world AI systems with a particular focus on ANN. The paper provides a review of previous work in these areas as well as suggesting research directions with a focus on relevance to cutting-edge AI systems with a focus on neural networks. Finally, the paper considers the high-level question of how to think most productively about the safety of forward-looking applications of AI.

The role of impulsivity, social relations online and offline, and compulsive Internet use in cyberaggression: A four-country study

Cyberaggression is a harmful behavior, but cross-national studies on cyberaggression including relations among its individual and social predictors are limited. This study aimed to discover the direct and indirect relations among individual and social predictors of cyberaggression in socio-demographically balanced survey data set of 4816 15–25-year-old participants from Finland ( n = 1200, 50.0% female), South Korea ( n = 1192, 50.34% female), Spain ( n = 1212, 48.76% female), and the United States ( n = 1212, 50.17% female). Both, impulsivity and involvement in online cliques (i.e., identity bubbles) were related to more cyberaggression in the four countries. The relation between impulsivity and cyberaggression was partially mediated by compulsive Internet use in Finland, Spain, and the United States, but not in South Korea. The relation between identity bubble involvement and cyberaggression was mediated via compulsive Internet use only in the Spanish sample. Findings of this study can be used for policy and practice against cyberaggression.

Ashamed of shaming? Stories of managing, deflecting, and acknowledging shame after committing image-based sexual abuse

While a range of studies examine what drives people to nonconsensually distribute sexual images, there is little research on what they feel after having shamed someone online. Do image-sharers feel any shame themselves? Using narrative criminology, we analyze their statements during police investigations to examine if and how they manage shame. We find that many stories about committing image-based sexual abuse deny responsibility, neutralize actions, and deflect blame onto victims. This supports previous qualitative research that offenders are so absorbed by male bonding and a need to control and objectify women that they are incapable of feeling shame after image-based sexual abuse. However, we also find that nearly as many stories about nonconsensual sharing focus on expressing shame for having lost control, admitting to having caused harm, and vowing to lead better lives in the future. These statements describe nonconsensual sexual image sharing as accidental, thoughtless, or impulsive, which supports some previous survey research. Our findings suggest that Internet researchers studying online abuse might pay greater attention to shame management, including how people blame digital technology for harmful behavior. We conclude that restorative justice processes could potentially help people who have committed image-based abuse acknowledge shame and try to repair the harm.