Reshaping Tunisian identity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
Political Repression ◽  
Constituent Assembly

Chapter 6 reveals that Ennahda’s previous underground structures and wide network of sympathisers helped it to quickly gain in relevance after the 2010–11 uprisings. Yet whilst the uprisings took place in response to economic hardship and political repression, discussions in the Constituent Assembly, elected in October 2011, quickly centred on the role of Islam in society. This exposed Ennahda’s leaders to a challenging task: accounting for its frequent compromises—including on issues of religion—with secular parties, to the detriment of its more conservative grassroots, which it increasingly risked losing to the Salafis.

scholarly journals “I am a Soldier; I Have Never Meddled in Politics and Do Not Meddle Now”: General A. E. Evert and the February Revolution

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Sergey Sergushkin
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Western Front ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Military Control ◽  
Commander In Chief ◽  
Constitutional Monarchy

The article focuses on the role of A. E. Evert, the commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front, in the events of the February Revolution. Russia's top military leadership took a consolidated position on the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the throne, but the unity regarding the fate of the Empire's future was only an appearance. This is made clear through a detailed examination of the decisions made by Evert during the last crucial days for the Russian Empire and of his motives. The author pays particular attention to the period after the emperor’s abdication when, in the political vacuum, the commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front changed his line of conduct and proposed the bold project of transferring the country's real political power under military control. The methodological basis of this study is the principles of historicism, systematicity and scientific objectivity, while also using the comparative and historical-genetic methods.  Evert considered the constitutional monarchy with Mikhail Alexandrovich on the throne as a worthy alternative to the forceful suppression of the revolution in the rear, which cannot be said about his view on the Provisional Government and the prospect of elections to the Constituent Assembly during the war. In this regard, the commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front hoped, with the support of his colleagues, to impose his will on the rebellious capital. However, his project did not receive the necessary support, and his disloyalty to the Provisional Government led to his early resignation.

Nicaragua election criticism will not shake Ortega

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Political Repression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Increased Pressure

Significance The outcome comes as little surprise, given the repressive tactics used by the Ortega administration in the run-up to the vote, which included the disqualification or imprisonment of numerous opposition candidates. The United States and other international actors are now poised to put increased pressure on the re-elected government. Impacts The prospect of extended sanctions will act as a further disincentive to foreign investment. Ortega’s efforts to boost regional support through increased alignment with Honduras may lead to greater bilateral trade. More undocumented Nicaraguan migration looks inevitable, whether due to continuing political repression or worsening economic hardship.

‘The Most Portentous Event in Modern History’: Ireland Before and After the Peterloo Massacre

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-159
Author(s):  
James Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Speaking ◽  
Radical Politics ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Political Repression ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Irish Catholics ◽  
Irish Question

This chapter looks at Irish responses to Peterloo. It looks at the relations between radical reformers and the movement for Catholic Emancipation. The kind of political repression that was enacted in Manchester in August of that year was more common in Ireland, and reformers made common cause with Irish Catholics, many of whom were beginning to migrate to the industrial towns of Northern England. Ireland gave English reformers a cautionary example of tyrannical government, while Irish writers and politicians saw in Peterloo an illustration of the English establishment's true coercive colours. There was however a deeper sense in which Peterloo and the Irish Question were imbricated in early nineteenth-century culture. The role of public speaking, the control of potentially subversive speech, and the challenge of radical politics to traditional standards of rhetoric and oratory were all brought into focus in the years leading to the massacre.

Malfattori: Government Repression and Anarchist Violence

2018 ◽  
pp. 25-46
Author(s):  
Nunzio Pernicone ◽  
Fraser M. Ottanelli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Organizational Forms ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Revolutionary Ideology ◽  
Terrorist Violence

Chapter 2 explains the role of government repression as the primary precipitant of Italian anarchist violence. Specifically it describes how, in a climate of growing economic hardship and social unrest among the peasantry and factory workers, in 1878 Giovanni Passanante’s failed “tyrannicide” of King Umberto I provided Italian authorities with a justification to attempt to deliver a mortal blow to socialism and the International. Repression took various forms. Socialists and anarchists groups were dissolved, their newspapers suppressed, rank-and-file members classified as “malefactors” and subjected to ammonizione (admonishment) and domicilio coatto (internal exile). Important anarchists were arrested and those who escaped detention, as in the case of Errico Malatesta and Carlo Cafiero, forced into exile. These developments led many anarchists to embrace anti-organizational forms of revolutionary ideology and practices that rejected all forms of organization and exalted terrorist violence.

Eidsvoll 1814

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Prasolova-Forland ◽  
Ole Ørjan Hov
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
Future Work

3D Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs) or virtual worlds have been widely used in educational settings for the purposes of simulation and demonstration of scientific concepts, art and historical events that for practical reasons may be complicated in real-life classrooms. This paper describes an experience of recreating a central event in Norwegian history, adoption of Norwegian constitution at Eidsvoll in 1814, in the virtual world of Second Life. The historical building where this event took place was reconstructed and used as a part of an online history course where Norwegian students residing all over the world could meet at Virtual Eidsvoll, play the role of the members of the Constituent Assembly and pass the constitution. Following the description of the experience with the Virtual Eidsvoll project, the authors conclude with a critical discussion of using 3D CVEs for history education, outlining directions for future work.

From Mistrust to Understanding: Inclusive Constitution-Making Design and Agreement in Tunisia

2020 ◽  
pp. 106591292096710
Author(s):  
Tereza Jermanová
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Inclusive Processes ◽  
Democratic Constitution ◽  
The Way ◽  
Constitution Making

In 2014, Tunisia’s National Constituent Assembly (NCA) almost unanimously approved the country’s first democratic constitution despite significant identity-based divisions. Drawing on the Tunisian case, the article explores the role of an inclusive constitution-making process in fostering constitutional agreement during democratization. Emerging studies that link different process modalities to democracy have so far brought only limited illumination to how inclusive processes matter, nor were these propositions systematically tested. Using process tracing, and building on original interviews gathered in Tunisia between 2014 and 2020, this article traces a causal mechanism whereby an inclusive constitution-making process allowed for a transformation of interpersonal relationships between political rivals. It demonstrates that more than two years of regular interactions allowed NCA deputies to shatter some of the prejudices that initially separated especially Islamist and non-Islamist partisans and develop cross-partisan ties, thus facilitating constitutional negotiations. However, I argue that the way these transformations contributed to constitutional settlement is more subtle than existing theories envisaged, and suggest alternative explanations. The article contributes to the debate about constitution-making processes by unpacking the understudied concept of partisan inclusion and applying it empirically to trace its effects on constitutional agreement, bringing precision and nuance to current assumptions about its benefits.

scholarly journals The structure of business preferences and Eurozone crisis policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Fernández Albertos ◽  
Alexander Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Eurozone Crisis ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
Fiscal Austerity ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhat explains business views regarding policy preferences in the Eurozone crisis? Although recent literature examines the impact of the crisis on citizen views, few studies examine business preferences towards adjustment policies. We present unique data from a new representative survey of 500 high-level firm representatives from Spain to test theories about such preferences, in particular views about the euro, fiscal austerity, and wage devaluation, as well as plausible mechanisms for such preferences. We test three broad families of theories to explain such preferences, focusing on the role of structural firm characteristics, economic hardship, and political leanings of firm managers. We find that first, there is a strong conservative position regarding all of these policies. Second, we find that contra conventional approaches to explaining preferences, for the domestic policies (but not for euro views), the political leanings of firms matter much more than baseline structural characteristics. Third, we find that surprisingly economic hardship does not cause firms to demand more left-wing policies, as it might for voters; in fact, firms that have suffered are likely to be more skeptical of such measures. These findings indicate the need to better measure political orientations of firm respondents and suggest that this is a larger division among firms than previously recognized.

scholarly journals Mind the Protest Gap: The Role of Resources in the Face of Economic Hardship

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (01) ◽  
pp. 84-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Rodon ◽  
Marc Guinjoan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Hardship ◽  
The Face

Part Three The Separation of Powers, 10 The Congress: Problems of Abdication and Deliberation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Espinosa Manuel José Cepeda ◽  
Landau David
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Public Life ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Legislative Behavior ◽  
Substantial Role ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
Congressional Behavior

Just as the Colombian president has historically been very strong, the Colombian Congress has historically played a relatively minor role in the conduct of national policy. The 1991 Constituent Assembly sought to rationalize congressional behavior and give it a more substantial role. However, problems of legislative corruption and dysfunctionality have persisted. This chapter reviews the Court’s attempts to police the scope of congressional inviolability, limit congressional delegation to the executive, and incentivize and ensure adequate legislative deliberation in the lawmaking process. This jurisprudence has sought to alter legislative behavior and ensure that laws are a product of adequate social deliberation, thus improving the role of the Colombian Congress in public life.

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