From Mistrust to Understanding: Inclusive Constitution-Making Design and Agreement in Tunisia

2020 ◽  
pp. 106591292096710
Author(s):  
Tereza Jermanová
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Inclusive Processes ◽  
Democratic Constitution ◽  
The Way ◽  
Constitution Making

In 2014, Tunisia’s National Constituent Assembly (NCA) almost unanimously approved the country’s first democratic constitution despite significant identity-based divisions. Drawing on the Tunisian case, the article explores the role of an inclusive constitution-making process in fostering constitutional agreement during democratization. Emerging studies that link different process modalities to democracy have so far brought only limited illumination to how inclusive processes matter, nor were these propositions systematically tested. Using process tracing, and building on original interviews gathered in Tunisia between 2014 and 2020, this article traces a causal mechanism whereby an inclusive constitution-making process allowed for a transformation of interpersonal relationships between political rivals. It demonstrates that more than two years of regular interactions allowed NCA deputies to shatter some of the prejudices that initially separated especially Islamist and non-Islamist partisans and develop cross-partisan ties, thus facilitating constitutional negotiations. However, I argue that the way these transformations contributed to constitutional settlement is more subtle than existing theories envisaged, and suggest alternative explanations. The article contributes to the debate about constitution-making processes by unpacking the understudied concept of partisan inclusion and applying it empirically to trace its effects on constitutional agreement, bringing precision and nuance to current assumptions about its benefits.

From Interpersonal Trust to Security Communities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Democratic Peace ◽  
Trust Building ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Building Trust ◽  
Community Theory ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
The Relationship

The previous chapter showed the limits of ‘incrementalist’ theories of trust-building when it comes to the building of trust and the accurate interpretation of signals. This chapter examines what identity-based approaches to trust can contribute to the challenge of building trust between two enemies. The chapter examines security community theory and democratic peace theory. It argues that neither of these identity-based approaches has a persuasive causal mechanism for how trust develops. There is imprecision in these theories as to the relationship between trust and identity. What unites both approaches is their neglect of interpersonal relationships and the trust that can emerge from this.

The Resource and the Role of Statistics

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Pamela Hieronymi
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Reactions To Change ◽  
The Way

This chapter confirms whether the truth of determinism could, would, or should lead people to exercise the resource available to them and react normally in the way people characteristically react to the outliers. It explains P. F. Strawson's initial admission that it does not seem to be self-contradictory to suppose people would always use their resource. It also reflects on Strawson's thought, implying that to be engaged in anything like interpersonal relationships is to expect some sort of regard or goodwill from others. The chapter also analyzes how Strawson can and should allow expectations to change in their content and corresponding reactions to change in their tone. It speculates the thought of a human society in which there were no expectations of goodwill and no distinctive sort of reaction to failures of expectations.

scholarly journals French Regime’s ‘Francisation’ as a Paracolonial Policy: A Critical Study of Language, Identity and Assimilation in ‘French’ Morocco

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad Boulahnane
Keyword(s):  
French Language ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Language Identity ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
French Protectorate ◽  
The Way

This article explores the colonial role of the French language in assimilating the Moroccan subjects during the French ‘protectorate’ in 1912-1956 Morocco. Probing into the instrumental efforts made via the colonizer’s language entails investigating the way the colonizer sought to racially segregate the Moroccan subjects, ascertain inaccessibility to religion, and instill the colonial language and the associated foreign ‘elitist’ values via the educational policies initially established within the postcolonial project. French language reflects a colonialism, of which the nature was racial, religious, linguistic, and identity based. The ensuing postcolonial effects of the curriculum adopted during the ‘protectorate’ have given birth to the surviving outcomes of Francization and the need to adopt French—a language that is foreign, ‘prestigious,’ ‘elitist,’ and practical in the job market. This article illustrates the ideological role of the French language in channeling a timeless, parallel colonialism via certain long-term strategies informed by colonialism and aimed towards a postcolonial project in post-independent Francophone Morocco

scholarly journals Conceptualizing Sensory Emotioncy as a Source of Group Formation

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Reza Pishghadam ◽  
Golshan Shakeebaee ◽  
Nasim Boustani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Perceived Similarity ◽  
Social Units ◽  
The Way

An understanding of the qualities that attract people to each other and the tenacious forces that connect them into social units seems to be necessary for the advancement of sound comprehension of interpersonal relationships. Given the fact that the role of senses is accentuated in social relations, the present study intends to benefit from the newly developed concept of sensory emotioncy to predict the perceived similarity. To this end, 24 participants were asked to fill the sensory emotioncy scale. After that, based on the obtained score, they were put into four groups of six, and negotiated about three different topics. The way that participants team up in the groups were tracked, and it was observed that the participants with adjacent sensory emotioncy score tend to team up with each other. In the end, the possible implications of this qualitative study are presented.

Conventions, Constituent Assemblies, and Round Tables: Models, principles and elements of democratic constitution-making

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW ARATO
Keyword(s):  
Round Table ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Revolutionary Change ◽  
Veil Of Ignorance ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Democratic Constitution ◽  
Constitution Making

AbstractThe article presents the Round Table form, elsewhere post-sovereign multi-stage constitution making as an independent democratic type superior to the alternatives. It locates the form along with Convention and Constituent Assembly both in a comprehensive typology based on models of regime transformation, as well as historically. After making a set of normative arguments comparing the three forms, focusing on the issue legitimation, I make a case for the synthetic nature of the Round Table in relation to the two important democratic predecessors. Finally, I reluctantly admit the path-determined nature of the Round Table that strictly speaking seems relevant only 1) in the transitions from dictatorships, if 2) new forces do not have the power to accomplish revolutionary change. Nevertheless, I argue that the principles of the Round Table (inclusion, consensus, publicity, legality and veil of ignorance) are relevant to other paths, from the point of view of their legitimation. I further claim with reference to Iraq, Turkey and the European Union that elements of the Round Table can be adopted even under conditions of revolutionary change, as well as constitutional reform.

scholarly journals The Constitutionalization of the Civil State: The Self-Definition of Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen Following the Arab Uprisings

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 269
Author(s):  
Limor Lavie
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
The Self ◽  
Civil State ◽  
Arab Uprisings ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way ◽  
Constitution Making

This paper offers a contextualized analysis of the way in which three Islamic constitutions—in Egypt (2014/2019), Tunisia (2014), and Yemen (2015)—came to a similar self-declaration of a “civil state” (dawla madaniyya), following the Arab uprisings. This self-expressive proclamation, which did not exist in their former constitutions, nor in any other constitution worldwide, is the product of the ongoing internal struggles of Muslim societies over the definition of their collectivity between conservatism and modernity, religiosity and secularism. In Egypt, the self-definition of a civil state enshrines the one-sided narrative of the June 2013 coup regime and the Armed Forces’ intrusive move into the field of state–religion relations; in Tunisia, the constitutionalization of the civil state reflects a settlement between Islamists and non-Islamists regarding the role of Islam in politics and legislation; in Yemen, it expresses an aspiration of detribalization and modernization within an Islamic model of statehood. The paper further seeks to trace the path of migration of this idea from one country to another, and the interconnectedness between the three cases, while pointing out possible implications on future constitution making in other Muslim countries.

MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE FOR ALPHABET-SWITCHING IN THE WORKS OF CICERO: COMMON NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-516
Author(s):  
Neil O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Reliable Transmission ◽  
Accurate Record ◽  
The Way

Of the hundreds of Greek common nouns and adjectives preserved in our MSS of Cicero, about three dozen are found written in the Latin alphabet as well as in the Greek. So we find, alongside συμπάθεια, also sympathia, and ἱστορικός as well as historicus. This sort of variation has been termed alphabet-switching; it has received little attention in connection with Cicero, even though it is relevant to subjects of current interest such as his bilingualism and the role of code-switching and loanwords in his works. Rather than addressing these issues directly, this discussion sets out information about the way in which the words are written in our surviving MSS of Cicero and takes further some recent work on the presentation of Greek words in Latin texts. It argues that, for the most part, coherent patterns and explanations can be found in the alphabetic choices exhibited by them, or at least by the earliest of them when there is conflict in the paradosis, and that this coherence is evidence for a generally reliable transmission of Cicero's original choices. While a lack of coherence might indicate unreliable transmission, or even an indifference on Cicero's part, a consistent pattern can only really be explained as an accurate record of coherent alphabet choice made by Cicero when writing Greek words.

The adaptation of design thinking in auditing

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda MEIJER-WASSENAAR ◽  
Diny VAN EST
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
Design Framework ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way

How can a supreme audit institution (SAI) use design thinking in auditing? SAIs audit the way taxpayers’ money is collected and spent. Adding design thinking to their activities is not to be taken lightly. SAIs independently check whether public organizations have done the right things in the right way, but the organizations might not be willing to act upon a SAI’s recommendations. Can you imagine the role of design in audits? In this paper we share our experiences of some design approaches in the work of one SAI: the Netherlands Court of Audit (NCA). Design thinking needs to be adapted (Dorst, 2015a) before it can be used by SAIs such as the NCA in order to reflect their independent, autonomous status. To dive deeper into design thinking, Buchanan’s design framework (2015) and different ways of reasoning (Dorst, 2015b) are used to explore how design thinking can be adapted for audits.

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