Cain, Ham, and Ishmael

2018 ◽  
pp. 135-166
Author(s):  
Lindsay Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Canon Law ◽  
North African ◽  
European Expansion ◽  
Legal Justification

This chapter tracks how figures of Jewish hereditary inferiority translate to Muslims and Africans. The canon law formulation of Jews as enemies of Christendom, punished with enslavement, influences attitudes toward other infidels. The figure of Ishmael facilitates this connection, since he represents both Jews and Muslims. Anachronistically, popes and canonists begin describing Muslims as cursed with perpetual servitude for the crime of deicide, thus subjecting them to the same rationale that secured Jewish subordination to Christians. Crusader logic provides the legal justification for the European expansion into Africa, which begins in North African territory frequently associated with Islam. The language of papal bulls transfers the figural concept of hereditary inferiority through the inclusion of the term “perpetual servitude” in edicts that not only authorize the Iberian appropriation of African lands, but also license the trade in enslaved peoples by representing Africans as already inferior enemies of Christendom.

ANGLO-MOROCCAN RELATIONS AND THE EMBASSY OF AḤMAD QARDANASH, 1706–1708

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. O. C. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
North African ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
European Expansion ◽  
Political Position ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Economic Influence ◽  
The Mediterranean

ABSTRACTLocal conditions and responses to European expansion were important in the ‘interactive emergence of European domination’. However, the comparative lack of sources has tended to obscure what these were. In the early eighteenth century, Morocco was responding to the growth of English power in the Mediterranean; new sources presented here show how ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥamāmī, one of Sultan Mawlāy Ismāʿīl's most powerful ministers, tried to co-operate with the English in order to manage their influence and consolidate his own political position. This offered them a potential means to overcome the obstacles that, compared to the North African regencies, made Morocco resistant to European political and economic influence. These efforts, however, were thwarted by a combination of factors. With al-Ḥamāmī's political credibility threatened, the development of co-operation between the English and a section of the Moroccan elite was undermined, leaving the fundamental dynamics of Anglo-Moroccan relations unchanged.

Skeletochronology and mark–recapture assessments of growth in the North African agamid lizard (Agama impalearis)

1999 ◽  
Vol 249 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-461
Author(s):  
El Hassan El Mouden ◽  
Mohammed Znari ◽  
Richard P. Brown
Keyword(s):  
North African ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Agamid Lizard ◽  
The North

Greek Catholic Metropolitan Church sui iuris in Slovakia and Greek Catholic Church in the Czech Republic within the Current Catholic Canon Law

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
František Čitbaj
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
New Situation

Greek Catholic Metropolitan Church sui iuris in Slovakia and Greek Catholic Church in the Czech Republic within the Current Catholic Canon Law This article treats of new situation of Greek Catholic metropolitan church sui iuris in Slovakia, by describing its historical development. It is describing terms of Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches as tradition, ceremony and church sui iuris. It is also about institutes typical for metropolitan churches, which are the following: the institute of metropolitan, council of hierarch and also convention of metropolitan church sui iuris.

Alma Mater Studiorum. O genezie i początkach uniwersytetów

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Marek Maciejewski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
New Era ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

The origin of universities reaches the period of Ancient Greece when philosophy (sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, stoics and others) – the “Queen of sciences”, and the first institutions of higher education (among others, Plato’s Academy, Cassiodorus’ Vivarium, gymnasia) came into existence. Even before the new era, schools having the nature of universities existed also beyond European borders, including those in China and India. In the early Middle Ages, those types of schools functioned in Northern Africa and in the Near East (Baghdad, Cairo, Constantinople, cities of Southern Spain). The first university in the full meaning of the word was founded at the end of the 11th century in Bologna. It was based on a two-tiered education cycle. Following its creation, soon new universities – at first – in Italy, then (in the 12th and 13th century) in other European cities – were established. The author of the article describes their modes of operation, the methods of conducting research and organizing students’ education, the existing student traditions and customs. From the very beginning of the universities’ existence the study of law was part of their curricula, based primarily on the teaching of Roman law and – with time – the canon law. The rise of universities can be dated from the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modernity. In the 17th and 18th century they underwent a crisis which was successfully overcome at the end of the 19th century and throughout the following one.

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