Alma Mater Studiorum. O genezie i początkach uniwersytetów

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Marek Maciejewski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
New Era ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

The origin of universities reaches the period of Ancient Greece when philosophy (sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, stoics and others) – the “Queen of sciences”, and the first institutions of higher education (among others, Plato’s Academy, Cassiodorus’ Vivarium, gymnasia) came into existence. Even before the new era, schools having the nature of universities existed also beyond European borders, including those in China and India. In the early Middle Ages, those types of schools functioned in Northern Africa and in the Near East (Baghdad, Cairo, Constantinople, cities of Southern Spain). The first university in the full meaning of the word was founded at the end of the 11th century in Bologna. It was based on a two-tiered education cycle. Following its creation, soon new universities – at first – in Italy, then (in the 12th and 13th century) in other European cities – were established. The author of the article describes their modes of operation, the methods of conducting research and organizing students’ education, the existing student traditions and customs. From the very beginning of the universities’ existence the study of law was part of their curricula, based primarily on the teaching of Roman law and – with time – the canon law. The rise of universities can be dated from the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modernity. In the 17th and 18th century they underwent a crisis which was successfully overcome at the end of the 19th century and throughout the following one.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL EARTHEN WALLS: FROM KNOWLEDGE TO CONSCIOUS CONSERVATION

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 1117-1124
Author(s):  
D. Pittaluga ◽  
A. Di Rocco ◽  
C. Casagrande ◽  
S. Guerinoni ◽  
G. Pellegri
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
First Results ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract. Centuries-old earthen masonry presenting various stages of degradation, earthen walls that have been restored several times: these are the archeological phases of the city walls of Mascarell, on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Founded in the first half of the 13th century, this town is the only complex in Castellon Province that preserves all its ancient walls, which were built entirely by means of the brick-faced rammed-earth technique (clay with bricks and lime). This article reports the first results of a research project conducted on the multiple information available on these artifacts: bibliographic, archival and iconographic sources and the results of direct material analysis, stratigraphic analysis and archeological analysis. The situation is complex, as these walls have undergone a long sequence of transformations, including interventions carried out since the 18th century and multiple restorations in the period 1942–2015. The research developed and refined architecture archeology tools in order to analyze the rammed-earth techniques adopted during restoration work (similar but not identical to the historical technique), to characterize the materials used in restoration, to evaluate their resistance to degradation over the years, to define a sort of ‘critical evolutionary line’ of rammed-earth restoration, and to conduct a cross-sectional study of this building technique from the Middle Ages to the present. Finally, we drafted some guidelines for future interventions for conservation and enhancement.

scholarly journals Locating Hidden Elements in Walls of Cultural Heritage Buildings by Using Infrared Thermography

Buildings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hrvoje Glavaš ◽  
Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko ◽  
Ivana Haničar Buljan ◽  
Tomislav Barić
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Step Heating ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Nondestructive Testing Method ◽  
Paint Removal ◽  
The 19Th Century

The structure of Tvrđa and its buildings date back to the Middle Ages. Tvrđa represents the Old Town of the city of Osijek and the best-preserved and largest ensemble of Baroque buildings in Croatia. After the withdrawal of the Ottomans in 1687, during the 18th century, the Austro-Hungarian administration systematically formed a new fortification system, regulated streets and squares and built a large number of military objects. Tvrđa took its present form in the 19th century and has kept it since then. Investigating the historical development of individual buildings, in addition to archival sources and existing architectural documentation, the obvious source of information are the buildings themselves. The aim of this paper is to explore the possibilities of using infrared thermography to find structural elements and hidden openings in historic buildings in Osijek’s Tvrđa. This paper describes the exploration of the 18th century openings on the facades of the former Kostić houses. The facades were bricked into the walls in the 19th century because houses were reused and their purposes changed from commercial to residential. Infrared thermography is often a starting, nondestructive testing method (NDT) for building analyses. This paper presents thermographic analyses of two buildings. The analyses were carried out in December 2017 and January 2018. Using a steady-state thermographic analysis of a building envelope as the first step, the audit was continued with step heating (SH) of an interest point where changes in a thermal pattern were expected due to additional bricking. Heat flux was generated by the usage of a heat gun for paint removal.

scholarly journals The 110th birth anniversary of Professor Leszek Winowski (1910–1979), expert in Canon Law, historian of state and law

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Kaczorowski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Full Professor ◽  
Ecclesiastical Law ◽  
Catholic University ◽  
History Of ◽  
Church Law ◽  
The Baltic

Prof. Leszek Józef Egidiusz Winowski was born on 23 January 1910 in Skałat, Tarnopol Voivodeship, in the Eastern Lands of the Second Polish Republic. He studied in the Faculty of Law of Jan Kazimierz University in Lvov, where he earned the Master’s degree (1932), Doctor’s degree (1935), and in 1936 began his scientific work in the Chair of Church Law; from 1942 he was working in conspiracy in Lvov and cooperated with theBaltic Institute in Sopot; in Olsztyn he organized a branch of the Baltic Institute, which was operating in the Masurian District. In 1945, Leszek Winowski was employed in the Department of Law and Administration of Wrocław University and in 1974 he was granted the title of Full Professor. At the same time he worked in the Catholic University of Lublin, where he held the post of Dean of the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences in the years 1945-1946 and – following its liquidation – he worked in the Faculty of the Canon Law where he lectured in Roman law and ecclesiastical law. In 1957, L. Winowski resigned from his work in the Catholic University of Lublin. Between 1957 and 1968, he was employed in the Teacher’s Training College in Opole, still working for Wrocław University. As regards the fields of scientific studies developed by Prof. Leszek Winowski, one candistinguish three main directions dealing with the legal situation of dissenters from the earliest Middle Ages, the state and law of Islam, and lastly – history of the Church in Silesia. Prof. Leszek Winowski was awarded the Knight’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. He was a member of many scientific societies. He died in Wrocław on 16 November 1979.

scholarly journals Trends in Colouring Blue Glass in Central Europe in Relation to Changes in Chemical Composition of Glass from the Middle Ages to Modern Age

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1001
Author(s):  
Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová ◽  
Michal Gelnar ◽  
Simona Randáková
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Blue Glass ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The study deals with the development of the chemical composition of blue glass from the 13th to the 19th century in the region of Bohemia (Central Europe). Nearly 100 glass samples (colourless, greenish, and blue) were evaluated by an XRF method to distinguish the colouring components of blue glass. As early as in the 13th century, blue glass based on ash containing colouring ions of Co and Cu was produced here. To achieve the blue colour of glass, a copper-rich raw material was most likely applied. This information significantly complements the existing knowledge about glass colouring in the Middle Ages, as the glass of later periods was typically coloured with raw materials containing cobalt.

Aristotle

Classics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Natali ◽  
Gaia Bagnati
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Main Part ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Basic Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Relationship

Aristotle (384–322 bce) was a younger disciple and colleague of Plato. They are the two most famous and important ancient philosophers, and Aristotle is the only Platonic disciple whose works have been transmitted to us. The relationship between the two thinkers is complex: they share some basic ideas but the disciple is a strong critic of some aspects of his master’s thought, a fact not unusual in the relationships between master and disciple. He agrees with Plato on a rejection of materialism in favor of the idea that our world is the result of a formal structure that can be formulated in rational and scientific definitions. On the other hand, he thinks that sensible moving entities contain in themselves their forms and because of that they can be the object of scientific knowledge, i.e., a universal and deductible knowledge and not only of a true unstable opinion as Plato maintained. They also are the real substances. From this basic difference many oppositions between Aristotle and his master derive. In the history of philosophy Aristotle suffered a complex destiny, different from Plato’s continuous success. In some periods he was neglected, for instance in the Hellenistic period and from the 18th century until the main part of 19th century. In other periods he achieved great fame, for instance in later Antiquity, in the Middle Ages from the 13th century, and also in our own time. The authors would like to thank warmly Professor Iain MacPherson for revising their far-from-perfect English.

Western Aesthetics

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter studies the development and basic ideas of Western aesthetic thoughts by reviewing the aesthetic history of ancient Greece and the Middle Ages and by investigating the modern and contemporary aesthetics. It initially discusses the dominant classical Greek aesthetics, the medieval aesthetics, the 19th century aesthetics, and finally the modern aesthetics. The chapter finds that while the history of aesthetics is marked by countless schools of thoughts, only a few people of rare talent have made significant contribution to the entire human civilization through their aesthetic theories and ideas.

Historical and Sociolinguistic Background

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-26
Author(s):  
Wilson McLeod
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Scale Removal ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Different Parts

This chapter gives a historical overview of Gaelic in Scotland, including an analysis of its spread to different parts of Scotland in the Middle Ages and the trajectory of demographic decline and language shift since the 18th century. Gaelic became the language of the first Scottish monarchy (the kingdom of Alba) and was widely spoken across Scotland, but then began to decline in the 12th century and became confined to the mountainous northwest of the country (the Highlands). The language became stigmatised as a language of barbarism and the Gaelic community was economically and socially marginalised. Traditional Gaelic society was shattered in the 18th century, with the repression following the Battle of Culloden (1746), followed by the Highland Clearances of the 19th century, which involved large-scale removal of population. Since the 18th century there has been steady language shift in the Highlands, now reaching the last Gaelic communities. The future of Gaelic as a community language has become very uncertain.

THE NIBELUNG MYTH IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURE OF GERMANIC PEOPLES

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (101) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
SERGEI A. ZHILIUK
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
German Society ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Nazi Ideology ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
History Of Europe ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Lay of the Nibelungs is a prominent literature work dating back to the early 13th century. It is a result of almost 10 century evolution of the material going back into the early Middle Ages. The material was also used by other Germanic peoples for development of Scandinavian sagas, Faroese and Danish ballads. The texts representing the story of the Nibelungs mark different stages of social and cultural development of the relevant Germanic peoples and are of a special interest for the historians dealing with the social history of Europe. The Lay of the Nibelungs, however, content not only contemporary features, like courteous rituals, but also archaic ones deriving from ancient lays and tales which are left unknown to us. The 19th century saw growing influence of the myth of the Nibelungs on German society with de La Mott Fouquet and Wagner creating the most eminent works updating the ancient lay. In the 20th century the Nibelungs-mentality shaped some aspects of Nazi ideology and was widely discussed by the leaders of the Third Reich.

scholarly journals Play Based Learning (Chapter)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musa Bardak
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
21St Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Consciousness ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century

Assuming that the game emerged with the existence of humanity, it can be argued that in the historical process, adults’ view of the child, economic and social conditions, natural disasters, war and similar disasters shaped with different perspectives. The game, which was considered as important as work in the preparation of young generations to life by the people of the First Age, was accepted as an occupation that helps both children and adults to gain skills, relax and get to know the world in the Middle Ages. Since the 18th century and especially in the 19th century, social consciousness has developed, and childhood and play have begun to be viewed as an important and different aspect of development (Oktay, 2013). In the 21st century, time will show how industrialization and digitalization that started in all aspects of life will affect the child and the game. Bardak, M. (2018). Play Based Learning. in A. Gürol (Eds.), Learning Approachs in Early Childhood (s. 207-230). İstanbul: Efe Akademi Publishing. ISBN: 978-65-230-847-9 (https://openaccess.izu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12436/1309#sthash.o0zfa6AC.dpbs)

scholarly journals Történelemkonstruálás – névkonstruálás

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Language Reform ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century

Constructing history – constructing names. Personal names of early Hungarian history and the posterity The topic of the paper is how people of modern times attempt to approach the onomasticon of personal names of the past, of which they lack sufficient knowledge; and how they create a picture of it for themselves and their peers. The paper presents the topic with the help of examples from different eras and genres of cultural history. The paper is based on sources, originating from centuries later, of personal names of the Hungarian Middle Ages, especially the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (the end of the 9th century). In the case of the 13th-century Gesta Hungarorum, the intentions of the author and the methods he applied to create and give personal names to narrate the events of the Conquest, of which he had little knowledge, can be easily identified. The writers and poets of the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century – which was the era of national awakening, language reform and romanticism – also exemplify how authors could use old or create new personal names in their historical works influenced by the conditions of their era. Continuing the topic, the paper discusses the process and methods of renewing the onomasticon of first names in national contexts, the role of first names registries from this point of view, and how these often paint a misleading picture of their subject, and thus Hungarian history. Finally, the paper deals not only with the laic considerations of our oldest personal names, but also with the problems of their discussion from a historical point of view, emphasizing the need to involve not only historical onomastics but also the approaches of literary onomastics, folk and applied onomastics.

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