Effects of Paying Restitution

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-142
Author(s):  
R. Barry Ruback
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Criminal Offenders ◽  
Limited Income ◽  
Financial Obligations

This chapter examines whether paying economic sanctions is related to recidivism. Because criminal offenders generally have few assets and limited income, paying financial obligations in addition to living expenses is likely to be difficult and may lead to criminal activity. Alternatively, paying economic sanctions could decrease crime because making payments voluntarily could lead to a sense of internalized responsibility. The chapter reviews the author’s correlational studies presented in earlier chapters indicating restitution payment is negatively related to committing a new crime, as well as research by others on adults and juveniles showing that paying restitution is associated with lower subsequent criminal behavior. It then presents a recidivism follow-up of the offenders who participated in the field experiment discussed in Chapter 5. Results indicated that payment was related to less criminal behavior, a conclusion in which researchers can have some confidence because participants had originally been assigned to condition at random.

scholarly journals THE CAUSES AND CONDITIONS OF CRIME IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMY

2021 ◽  
pp. 348-363
Author(s):  
S. Denysov ◽  
Yu. Filei
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Economic Crime ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The People ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
The Media ◽  
Almost All

The article examines the issue of combating criminal offenses in the field of economics. It is emphasized that economic crime is caused by destructive tendencies in the development of market relations in the economy and social sphere. Lack of real protection of legitimate economic relations, lag of law-making activity from the needs of economic practice, unsystematic adoption of legal acts concerning certain elements of the economic system. Recently, there has been a process of merging economic and criminal offenses, as well as merging with organized crime. Penetrating into various spheres of the economy, criminal associations seek not only to establish control over the activities of specific enterprises but also to create their own structures capable of occupying a leading position in the infrastructure of individual industries. The intellectual level of criminal activity increases, the scope, and methods of encroachment expand. The reasons for committing mercenary crimes in the economic sphere are both objective and subjective. Thus, in the determination of crime involved both biological and social characteristics of man. An economic criminal does not perceive himself as a criminal, although he admits that he is breaking the law. The problem here is that the media is very one-sided coverage of the image of the traditional criminal, as well as the fact that economically criminal behavior is difficult at first glance to distinguish from socially obedient. Economic criminals justify their crimes by committing them with the tacit consent or approval of public opinion. They deny causing harm to citizens, and also claim that almost all businessmen do the same. If the profit significantly exceeds the possible punishment, then such a crime becomes profitable. Criminal behavior should not be economically or socially profitable. At the same time, it is important to improve the economic and social living conditions of the people.

scholarly journals Association of Polymorphisms of Serotonin Transporter (5HTTLPR) and 5-HT2C Receptor Genes with Criminal Behavior in Russian Criminal Offenders

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 200-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina A. Toshchakova ◽  
Yalda Bakhtiari ◽  
Alexander V. Kulikov ◽  
Sergey I. Gusev ◽  
Marina V. Trofimova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Criminal Offenders

The effects of absent fathers on adolescent criminal activity: an economic approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
David M. Zimmer
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Absent Fathers ◽  
Lagged Dependent Variable ◽  
Criminal Behaviors ◽  
Least Squares Estimates

Abstract Simple ordinary least squares estimates indicate that absent fathers boost probabilities of adolescent criminal behavior by 16–38%, but those numbers likely are biased by unobserved heterogeneity. This paper first presents an economic model explaining that unobserved heterogeneity. Then turning to empirics, fixed effects, which attempt to address that bias, suggest that absent fathers reduce certain types of adolescent crime, while lagged-dependent variable models suggest the opposite. Those conflicting conclusions are resolved by an approach that combines those two estimators using an orthogonal reparameterization approach, with model parameters calculated using a Bayesian algorithm. The main finding is that absent fathers do not appear to directly affect adolescent criminal activity. Rather, families with absent fathers possess traits that appear to correlate with increased adolescent criminal behaviors.

scholarly journals Juvenile Homicide Offenders Look Back 35 Years Later: Reasons They Were Involved in Murder

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3932
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Heide
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Juvenile Homicide ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Mandatory Sentencing

Murders committed by juveniles have been a serious concern in the United States for more than 50 years. Decisions by the United States Supreme Court during the 21st century have reduced the likelihood that juvenile homicide offenders will be sentenced to life without parole (LWOP). As a result of these decisions, hundreds of prisoners who were sentenced as juveniles for murder to LWOP under mandatory sentencing statutes or its equivalent are now eligible for the reconsideration of their sentences. In light of these changes in sentencing policies and practices, follow-up research on juveniles convicted of murder is essential. This research is part of a 35-year follow-up study of 59 boys who were convicted of murder and sentenced to adult prisons in a southeastern state, and initially interviewed in the early 1980s. Twenty of these men agreed to participate in clinical interviews during which they reflected upon the reasons (i.e., motives, circumstances) for which they got involved in criminal behavior as juveniles. These reasons, which broadly tap tenets of psychological and sociological theories, were analyzed in terms of predominance. Thereafter, the attention focuses on looking at the relationship of these 20 reasons to recidivism among the 18 juvenile homicide offenders (JHOs) who have been released from prison. JHOs who lived in neighborhoods where crime was routine and who engaged in crime because the opportunity presented itself were approximately 20 and 22.50 times more likely to be arrested post release and returned to prison, respectfully. The implications of these findings, the limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Self-Evaluation Dimensions of Criminal Activity and Prospects Simulation of Persons Serving Custodial Sentence

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Adolfas Juodraitis ◽  
Remigijus Bubnys ◽  
Odeta Šapelytė
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
The Self ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Motivation To Change ◽  
Simulation Data ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Scientific Discussion

The article presents the self-evaluation indicators of the causes of criminal behavior committed by persons serving a custodial sentence at X institution, focusing on imprisonment and modeling of life prospects after release from prison. The main idea of the study is to reveal the subjective self-evaluation experience of persons serving custodial sentence with regard to criminal activity and simulation of future prospects. The scientific discussion of the article presents incarcerated persons’ (N = 58) subjective self-evaluation data collected during the qualitative research and their theoretical-practical interpretation. Convicted persons’ subjective self-evaluation and prospects simulation data enable stating certain features showing the discrepancy between their disposition and achievement of resocialization goals. This confirms the insufficiently interiorized reasonableness of punishment, personal perception, and realized motivation to change.

Addiction and Criminal Behavior: A Continuing Examination of Criminal Addicts

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Weissman ◽  
Samuel W. Marr ◽  
Paul L. Katsampes
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Criminal History ◽  
Self Report ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Study Results ◽  
And Gender

The study proposed to examine the relationship between opiate addiction and criminal behavior. The study group was composed of general arrestee population subjects who were identified as regular opiate users. The subjects were interviewed to determine demographic, drug use, and self-report criminal history data; arrest data were collected from official records. The study addressed three research questions: (1) the general effect of addiction upon criminal activity; (2) the effect of addiction upon specific offense categories; and (3) the variations of the effects of addiction upon criminal activity relative to the age of onset of addiction, race, and gender. Study results showed dramatic increases in criminal activity associated with the onset of addiction. The criminal activity increase was displayed in violent crime categories, as well as property acquisitive and drug offense categories. Some differences were apparent according to age of onset of addiction, race, and gender, but the study design did not warrant the drawing of definitive conclusions regarding the differences.

Criminal Behavior in Opioid-Dependent Patients Before and During Maintenance Therapy: 6-year Follow-Up of a Nationally Representative Cohort Sample

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1524-1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Soyka ◽  
Anna Träder ◽  
Jens Klotsche ◽  
Annina Haberthür ◽  
Gerhard Bühringer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maintenance Therapy ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Cohort

A STATISTICAL MODEL OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 1249-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. SHORT ◽  
M. R. D'ORSOGNA ◽  
V. B. PASOUR ◽  
G. E. TITA ◽  
P. J. BRANTINGHAM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Discrete System ◽  
Continuum Model ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
Residential Burglary ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
Random Walker ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Parameter Values

Motivated by empirical observations of spatio-temporal clusters of crime across a wide variety of urban settings, we present a model to study the emergence, dynamics, and steady-state properties of crime hotspots. We focus on a two-dimensional lattice model for residential burglary, where each site is characterized by a dynamic attractiveness variable, and where each criminal is represented as a random walker. The dynamics of criminals and of the attractiveness field are coupled to each other via specific biasing and feedback mechanisms. Depending on parameter choices, we observe and describe several regimes of aggregation, including hotspots of high criminal activity. On the basis of the discrete system, we also derive a continuum model; the two are in good quantitative agreement for large system sizes. By means of a linear stability analysis we are able to determine the parameter values that will lead to the creation of stable hotspots. We discuss our model and results in the context of established criminological and sociological findings of criminal behavior.

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