Lineages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
Close Relationship

Chapter 2 examines lineages in Tibetan society and the Buddhist tradition and explains how they influenced the development of Tibet’s reincarnation lineages. It begins by explaining the role of family lineages in thirteenth-century Tibet, describing how lineages helped form identities, created links between people, and served as a mechanism for inheritance. It then examines the three main forms of Buddhist lineages—monastic, Mahāyāna, and Tantric—and shows how these lineages were often intermingled with Tibetan family lineages and inheritance practices. The chapter ends by outlining how lineages associated with manifestation, particularly lineages associated with Avalokiteśvara, underpinned claims by Tibetans to be the manifestation of this bodhisattva and other celestial beings. This chapter also explains how the Karmapas’ reincarnation lineage, traditions, and institutions were presented not as a break from other lineages but as an extension of them, and it highlights the close relationship between lineages and specific places.

Contemplative Principles of a Non-dual Praxis: the Unmediated Practices of the Tibetan ‘Heart Essence’ (sNying thig) Tradition

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-240
Author(s):  
Eran Laish
Keyword(s):  
Contemplative Practice ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
The Common

This article focuses on the main contemplative principles of the ‘Heart Essence’ (sNying thig), a Tibetan Buddhist tradition that is characterized by a vision of non-duality and primordial wholeness. Due to this vision, which asserts an original reality that is not divided into perceiving subject and perceived object, the ‘Heart Essence’ advocates a contemplative practice that undermines the usual intuitions of temporality and enclosed selfhood. Hence, unlike the common principles of intentional praxis, such as deliberate concentration and gradual purification, the ‘Heart Essence’ affirms four contemplative principles of non-objectiveness, openness, spontaneity and singleness. As these principles transcend intentionality, temporality, and multiplicity, they are seen to directly disclose the nature of primordial awareness, in which the meanings of knowing and being are radically transformed. Therefore, the article will also consider the role of these non-dual contemplative principles in deeply changing our understanding of being and knowing alike.

Processing the Future

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Giraudeau
Keyword(s):  
Venture Capital ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Business Administration ◽  
Knowledge Practices ◽  
Project Appraisal ◽  
Development Corporation ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
American Research

This chapter is an analysis of the project appraisal procedures in place at American Research and Development Corporation (ARD) between 1946 and 1973, under the management of Georges F. Doriot. It shows the importance of knowledge technologies and administrative procedures in the way the venture capital company dealt with uncertain futures. The origins of these knowledge practices are traced back to Georges F. Doriot’s own views on business and more generally to the pragmatist movement in business administration of which he was a member. The conduct of project appraisal at ARD is then observed directly, and this reveals its reliance on a rich set of knowledge and diagnostic techniques as well as administrative procedures. These observations allow for a specification of the nature and role of imagination in the entrepreneurship and venture capital practices examined here—in particular, its close relationship with organized knowledge.

scholarly journals Plague and the Fall of Baghdad (1258)

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-177
Author(s):  
Nahyan Fancy ◽  
Monica H. Green
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Abbasid Caliphate ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
A Minor

AbstractThe recent suggestion that the late medieval Eurasian plague pandemic, the Black Death, had its origins in the thirteenth century rather than the fourteenth century has brought new scrutiny to texts reporting ‘epidemics’ in the earlier period. Evidence both from Song China and Iran suggests that plague was involved in major sieges laid by the Mongols between the 1210s and the 1250s, including the siege of Baghdad in 1258 which resulted in the fall of the Abbasid caliphate. In fact, re-examination of multiple historical accounts in the two centuries after the siege of Baghdad shows that the role of epidemic disease in the Mongol attacks was commonly known among chroniclers in Syria and Egypt, raising the question why these outbreaks have been overlooked in modern historiography of plague. The present study looks in detail at the evidence in Arabic sources for disease outbreaks after the siege of Baghdad in Iraq and its surrounding regions. We find subtle factors in the documentary record to explain why, even though plague received new scrutiny from physicians in the period, it remained a minor feature in stories about the Mongol invasion of western Asia. In contemporary understandings of the genesis of epidemics, the Mongols were not seen to have brought plague to Baghdad; they caused plague to arise by their rampant destruction. When an even bigger wave of plague struck the Islamic world in the fourteenth century, no association was made with the thirteenth-century episode. Rather, plague was now associated with the Mongol world as a whole.

How Can Economic Interests Influence Support for Free Trade?

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin O. Fordham ◽  
Katja B. Kleinberg
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Policy Attitudes ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Direction Of Causation ◽  
Complete Account

AbstractRecent research on the sources of individual attitudes toward trade policy comes to very different conclusions about the role of economic self-interest. The skeptical view suggests that long-standing symbolic predispositions and sociotropic perceptions shape trade policy opinions more than one's own material well-being. We believe this conclusion is premature for two reasons. First, the practice of using one attitude to predict another raises questions about direction of causation that cannot be answered with the data at hand. This problem is most obvious when questions about the expected impact of trade are used to predict opinions about trade policy. Second, the understanding of self-interest employed in most studies of trade policy attitudes is unrealistically narrow. In reality, the close relationship between individual economic interests and the interests of the groups in which individuals are embedded creates indirect pathways through which one's position in the economy can shape individual trade policy preferences. We use the data employed by Mansfield and Mutz to support our argument that a more complete account of trade attitude formation is needed and that in such an account economic interests may yet play an important role.1

STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF DECIDUALIZATION. V.

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Shelesnyak ◽  
Liliane Tic
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Close Relationship

ABSTRACT The uteri of pseudopregnant rats show a peak of metabolic activity on the 4th and 5th day of leucocytic smear. After the administration of 20 mg of pyrathiazine Cl on the 4th day of pseudopregnancy (L4) in order to induce decidualization of the progestational endometrium, the metabolic activity of the uterus becomes intensified. The amount of synthesis, estimated by determinations of uterine weight, and amount of protein and nucleic acids, was considered as being related to an oestrogen surge occurring on the 3rd day. The present work was undertaken to confirm the relation between the oestrogen surge and the metabolic activity found in the uterus thereafter by using an antioestrogenic substance: ethanoxytriphetol (MER-25). The experiments were performed in pseudopregnant as well as in decidualizing animals. MER-25 was injected on the 3rd day of leucocytic vaginal smear of pseudopregnancy. Analyses of the uterine components 24, 48, 72, 96 h after the injection of the antioestrogen showed a definite inhibition of the synthetic processes in the uterus of the otherwise untreated pseudopregnant rat as well as in decidualizing uterus. The results, confirm the role of oestrogen surge in the processes of decidualization and the close relationship between the oestrogen surge, increase of metabolism and decidualization.

Maimonides’s Rationalization of the Incest Taboo, Its Reception in Thirteenth-Century Kabbalah, and Their Affinity to Aquinas

2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-392
Author(s):  
Leore Sachs-Shmueli
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Incest Taboo ◽  
Common Presentation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Jewish Philosophy

AbstractThis article discusses Maimonides’s rationale for the incest taboo and traces its reception in Christian and kabbalistic traditions in the thirteenth century. Tracing the reception of Maimonides’s view enables recognition of the resemblance between Maimonides and Aquinas, the ambivalent stance toward Maimonides’s explanation expressed by Nahmanides, and the incorporation of Maimonides’s reasoning in one of the most systematic and enigmatic works of kabbalistic rationalization of the commandments, the Castilian Kabbalist Joseph of Hamadan’s The Book of the Rationales of the Negative Commandments. R. Joseph’s acceptance of Maimonidean principles and his integration of them in the theurgic Kabbalah reveal a conflict in the heart of its system and teach us about an important aspect of the theory of sexuality in Kabbalah. The inquiry offered here examines the inter-relations between divergent medieval religious trends in constructing the role of sexuality. Instead of the common presentation of Kabbalah as diverging from the ascetic positions of Jewish philosophy and Christianity, this analysis will elucidate Kabbalah’s continuity with them.

Gender, Memory, and Identity in the Roman World

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Roman History ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
The Past ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Close Relationship

This volume approaches three key concepts in Roman history — gender, memory and identity — and demonstrates the significance of their interaction in all social levels and during all periods of Imperial Rome. When societies, as well as individuals, form their identities, remembrance and references to the past play a significant role. The aim of Gender, Memory, and Identity in the Roman World is to cast light on the constructing and the maintaining of both public and private identities in the Roman Empire through memory, and to highlight, in particular, the role of gender in that process. While approaching this subject, the contributors to this volume scrutinise both the literature and material sources, pointing out how widespread the close relationship between gender, memory and identity was. A major aim of Gender, Memory, and Identity in the Roman World as a whole is to point out the significance of the interaction between these three concepts in both the upper and lower levels of Roman society, and how it remained an important question through the period from Augustus right into Late Antiquity.

LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND POWER IN GUILLEM DE TORROELLA’S LA FAULA

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
JILL ROSS
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
French Language ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Appropriation ◽  
Cultural Hegemony ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cultural Power

This article examines the role of French language and culture in the fourteenth-century Arthurian text, La Faula, by the Mallorcan, Guillem de Torroella. Reading the appropriation of French language and literary models through the lens of earlier thirteenth-century Occitan resistance to French political and cultural hegemony, La Faula’s use of French dialogue becomes significant in light of the political tensions in the third quarter of the fourteenth century that saw the conquest of the Kingdom of Mallorca by that of Catalonia-Aragon and the subsequent imposition of Catalano-Aragonese political and cultural power. La Faula’s clear intertextual debt to French literary models and its simultaneous ambivalence about the authority and reliability of those models makes French language into a space for the exploration of the dynamics of cultural appropriation and political accommodation that were constitutive of late fourteenth-century Mallorca.

Consequence and ‘Cause’: Thirteenth-Century Reflections on the Nature of Consequences

Vivarium ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 320-339
Author(s):  
Joke Spruyt
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
Fundamental Feature ◽  
Functional Characterisation ◽  
Henry Of Ghent

Abstract Thirteenth-century views on consequences have not yet received much attention. Authors of this period deserve closer scrutiny, because of their profound interest in the nature of consequence. The fundamental feature of a consequence was captured in the claim that its antecedent is the cause of its consequent. At the same time authors systematically discussed consequences in terms of truth-preservation. This paper considers the requirements of syllogistic argument and consequences in general, including the role of ‘cause’ in the identification of syllogisms proper, looks at different descriptions of consequence, moves on to discussions of the syncategorema ‘si’ – in syncategoremata treatises by Peter of Spain, Henry of Ghent, Nicholas of Paris and William of Sherwood, as well as some sophismata tracts – and explores what thirteenth-century authors make of the truth-functional characterisation of consequence, showing how it clashes with the authors’ insistence on a causal connection between antecedent and consequent.

scholarly journals P01.01 The role of exosome miRNA between tumor cells and microglias during the progression of medulloblastoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii24-iii24
Author(s):  
Q Chang ◽  
L Zhu ◽  
N Li
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Migration Ability ◽  
Daoy Cell ◽  
Bv2 Cells ◽  
Close Relationship

Abstract BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant paediatric brain tumor. Recent studies show that M2 cells were relative more abundant in Shh subtype of MBs compared with other three subtypes. It’s known that M2 cells have close relationship with many tumors’ progression. But if they play any role in the progression of Shh subtype of MB is not yet clear. Many studies demonstrate that exosomes carring miRNAs have close relationship with tumor invasion. The aim of present study is to clarify the role of exosome miRNA between tumor cells and microglias during the progression of Shh subtype of medulloblastoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunofluerescence staining using iNOS and Arg1, which is M1 and M2 specific marker, respectively, was performed in four subtypes of MBs. After coculture of exosomes extracted from Shh subtype of MB cell (DAOY) with microglia cell (BV2), Q-PCR and ELISA assay were done to evaluate the polarization status of the microglia. Transwell and scratch assay were then performed to detect the migration ability of DAOY cell after treatment of exosomes from polirized M2 cells. MiRNA sequencing by Ion Proton technology was then done to analyze the miRNAs expression level between Shh subtype and other subtype of MBs. Transformation assay was used to overexpress and inhibit the expression of these miRNAs respectively to further clarify the role of exosome miRNA in the polarization of BV2 cells. RESULTS M2 cells were observed more abundant than other three subtypes of tumors, supporting that M2 cells play some role in this subtype of MBs. Exosomes of DAOY cells can induce the polarization of M2 cells. The polarized M2 cells can improved the migration and invasion ability of DAOY cell. Dozens of miRNAs were identified with different expression level between Shh subtype of MBs and other subtype of MB cells. Among them, 4 miRNAs were reported to be related with polariztion of M2 in many other lesions. Three of the 4 miRNAs can induce the polarization of M2 in present study. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated exosome miRNA play a critical role between tumor cells and microglias during the progression of Shh subtype of medulloblastoma.

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