George H. W. Bush

2021 ◽  
pp. 292-308
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Engel
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
American Power ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

This chapter evaluates George H. W. Bush as a grand strategist. Determined above all else to preserve the elements of traditional American power amid a tumultuous world and to prevent as much as possible a rapidly transforming world from descending brinto chaos, Bush successfully achieved the markers he set in pursuit of this goal. These included sustaining relations with a reeling China, preserving the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), uniting Germany, negotiating a continental-wide free trade zone designed to counter the rise of Asian and European economic consolidation, and protecting the sanctity of international sovereignty and the import of the United Nations in a post–Cold War world. Ultimately, gauging Bush's success in 1991, or in 2001, or in 2011 produces different answers. A hero in the first instance, perhaps the reason Americans faced problems in the Middle East in the second, he was by the third date largely celebrated for the restraint his son never exhibited. Times changed, his actions in office did not, nor did the central tenets he embraced and embodied as a strategist: he faced instability, believed in the stream of history, and by acting to ensure the American stability he considered paramount to security, helped keep chaos at bay.

Regional Organization and the United Nations

1954 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman J. Padelford
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
International Relations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
Political Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The North ◽  
American States ◽  
The North Atlantic

One of the marked features of international relations in recent years has been the growth of regional groupings and organizations. Included among the more notable regional arrangements formed since 1944 are the League of Arab States, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, the Organization of American States, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the European Coal and Steel Community. In addition to these and other existent arrangements are proposals for the creation of a European Defense Community and a European Political Community, the idea of a Pacific Pact resembling NATO, the concept of a Middle East Defense organization, and a possible linkage of Asian States.

1. Evolution of diplomacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Siracusa
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Human History ◽  
International Peace ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations Charter

‘The evolution of dimplomacy’ looks briefly at the evolution of modern diplomacy, focusing on diplomats and what they do, paying attention to the art of treaty-making. A case can be made that treaties of international peace and cooperation comprise nothing less than the diplomatic landscape of human history, from the benchmark European treaties of the Congress of Vienna (1815), Brest-Litovsk (1918), and Versailles (1919) to the milestone events such as the Covenant of the League of Nations (1919), the United Nations Charter (1948), and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949).

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Giegerich
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The North ◽  
Strategic Direction ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
Out Of Area

NATO, founded as a collective defence alliance, has spent most of the post-cold-war period transforming itself into a security management organization. Its ability to adapt has been the basis of NATO’s continued relevance. At the same time, NATO’s adjustments in functional and geographic scope have triggered debate about its strategic direction and the political and military requirements necessary to fulfil current and future roles. This chapter will assess NATO’s evolution by concentrating on the bargaining processes among member states that shaped the direction of NATO’s strategic guidelines and its out-of-area operational activities. The objective is to trace the extent to which a common strategic outlook has emerged among the European members of NATO.

Conceptualizing Peace

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Richard Caplan
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
World Bank ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
African Union ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
The North ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
The North Atlantic

Different conceptions of peace have different implications for devising strategies of peacebuilding and peace maintenance. What it takes to achieve a negative peace is very different from what is required to achieve a positive peace. This chapter explores how the conceptual distinctions discussed in the Introduction map onto actual practice, with reference to the principal relevant peacebuilding actors: the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the African Union, the World Bank, and leading non-governmental organizations. What are the primary features of these organizations’ approaches to peacebuilding? How do they differ, if at all, in their understandings of the characteristics of, and requirements for, a stable peace?

scholarly journals The Future of Multilateralism

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 339-341
Author(s):  
Edward Kwakwa
Keyword(s):  
Editorial Comment ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
International System ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
The North ◽  
The Future ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The United Nations

Multilateralism can be seen as the greatest source of legitimacy and inclusiveness in the international system. In thinking of multilateralism, I am inspired by Harlan Grant Cohen's Editorial Comment in the January 2018 issue of the American Journal of International Law, in which he explains that multilateralism is a process that is more inclusive than unilateralism or bilateralism. Following that definition, it would imply, for example, that cooperation activities at the United Nations (UN), with its membership of 193 States, are more a reflection of multilateralism than cooperation activities at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), with its membership of thirty-six states, or at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), with its membership of twenty-nine states. But by the same token, efforts at multilateralism could be harder to achieve results, given that achieving consensus among 193 countries would be more challenging than doing so among a smaller number of countries. It would also stand to reason that regional or plurilateral arrangements are less reflective of multilateralism than are multilateral arrangements. But of course, multilateralism should not only be viewed against a yardstick of numbers, but also in terms of legitimacy, effectiveness and impact of activities and outputs.

NATO and Its Commentators: The First Five Years

1954 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence S. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
United Nations ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
Armed Attack ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

The signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949, gave rise to a number of books and articles on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) the volume of which will probably continue for some time. The treaty and the organization that it created represent the clearest challenge to Soviet expansionism since the end of World War II. Through this action twelve nations of North America and western Europe resolved to consider an armed attack against one member an attack against them all, and to create sufficient stiength within the alliance to deter potential aggressors. But NATO's continuing interest to commentators stems from reasons other than its value as a weapon against the spread of communism. To some writers NATO appears to be a stimulant that would revive a moribund United Nations, to others it is the beginning of a new kind of alliance unprecedented in history, to still others, it is a symbol of America's rejection of isolationism. So vague are some of the treaty's articles and so rapid has been the evolution of the organization that almost any observer could derive whatever meaning he wishes out of NATO's development.

Security Council

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-863 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Security Council ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
The North ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
The North Atlantic

Meeting at the request of the representatives of Canada and Denmark, the Security Council discussed the situation in the Middle East at its 1341st-1361st meetings, held on May 24-June 14, 1967.Opening the debate on the adoption of the agenda, Nikolai T. Fedorenko (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) declared that his delegation did not believe there were sufficient grounds for a hasty convening of the Security Council in what he termed an artificially dramatic climate fostered by the representatives of certain Western powers. He observed that two members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), rather than any of the parties directly concerned, had asked for a meeting of the Council. To his delegation this indicated a desire to interfere in the affairs of other countries rather than a true concern for the peace and security of the Middle East.

From Conception to Practice

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-50
Author(s):  
Richard Caplan
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
African Union ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
The North ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
The North Atlantic

Different conceptions of peace have different implications for devising strategies of peacebuilding and peace maintenance. What it takes to achieve a negative peace is very different from what is required to achieve a positive peace. This chapter explores how the conceptual distinctions discussed in Chapter 1 map onto actual practice, with reference to the principal relevant peacebuilding actors: the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the African Union, the World Bank, and leading non-governmental organizations. What are the primary features of these organizations’ approaches to peacebuilding? How do they differ, if at all, in their understandings of the characteristics of, and requirements for, a stable peace?

Cold War I, Post-Cold War, and Cold War II: The Overarching Contexts for Peacekeeping, Human Rights, and NATO

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Michael Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The North Atlantic

Peacekeeping, human rights, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have flourished in complementary contrast with each other. Their relationship has reflected the constraints and opportunities provided by three geopolitical eras since World War II. The first (the first Cold War) began in about 1948 and lasted until 1988; the second (the Post-Cold War Liberal Primacy) ran from 1989 to around 2012; finally, since 2012 the world has been threatened with the emergence of a second Cold War.

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