Diagnosing Moral Failures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Kasperbauer
Keyword(s):  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Moral Change ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Frequent Failure

This chapter discusses why people often fail to meet their moral goals and identifies the main obstacles in achieving moral change. It shows how psychological processes specific to animals, as outlined in chapters 2–4, interact with broader components of moral psychology. Three main moral psychological factors are discussed: emotions, situational conditions, and self-control. These factors are used to illustrate the frequent failure of reason and higher-level cognition to modify our moral responses, including our treatment of animals. The discussion draws from a wide range of research within empirical moral psychology as well as recent critical discussion of this research among philosophers.

Psychological Factors: Ethical Fading and Moral Blind Spots

2021 ◽  
pp. 183-201
Author(s):  
Jason Brennan ◽  
William English ◽  
John Hasnas ◽  
Peter Jaworski
Keyword(s):  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Framing Effects ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Blind Spots

Moral psychology indicates that we have a range of quirks which lead otherwise well-meaning people to act badly. These quirks include conformity effects, by which we tend to copy what others do regardless of whether it is good or bad and tend to defer to those we see as authoritative. Framing effects—how a problem is presented—can cause us to change our decisions. We suffer from moral blind spots, in which we fail to notice something is at stake because we act on auto-pilot. Further, the matrix task experiment demonstrates a wide range of external factors predictably modify how honest people are.

Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility Volume 6

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Moral Agency ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Moral Testimony ◽  
Quality Of Will ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Standing To Blame

This is the sixth volume of Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility. The papers were drawn from the fourth biennial New Orleans Workshop in Agency and Responsibility (NOWAR), held November 2–4, 2017. The essays cover a wide range of topics relevant to agency and responsibility: the threat of neuroscience to free will; the relevance of resentment and guilt to responsibility; how control and self-control pertain to moral agency, oppression, and poverty; responsibility for joint agency; the role and conditions of shame in theories of attributability; how one might take responsibility without blameworthy quality of will; what it means to have standing to blame others; the relevance of moral testimony to moral responsibility; how to build a theory of attributabiity that captures all the relevant cases; and how thinking about blame better enables us to dissolve a dispute in moral philosophy between actualists and possibilists.

Culture’s Constraints

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele J. Gelfand ◽  
Nava Caluori ◽  
Sarah Gordon ◽  
Jana Raver ◽  
Lisa Nishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Societal Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
The Individual

Research on culture has generally ignored social situations, and research on social situations has generally ignored culture. In bringing together these two traditions, we show that nations vary considerably in the strength of social situations, and this is a key conceptual and empirical bridge between macro and distal cultural processes and micro and proximal psychological processes. The model thus illustrates some of the intervening mechanisms through which distal societal factors affect individual processes. It also helps to illuminate why cultural differences persist at the individual level, as they are adaptive to chronic differences in the strength of social situations. The strength of situations across cultures can provide new insights into cultural differences in a wide range of psychological processes.

scholarly journals Exploring the Association Between the “Big Five” Personality Traits and Fatal Opioid Overdose: County-Level Empirical Analysis (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhasmina Tacheva ◽  
Anton Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
County Level ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND Opioid-related deaths constitute a problem of pandemic proportions in the United States, with no clear solution in sight. Although addressing addiction—the heart of this problem—ought to remain a priority for health practitioners, examining the community-level psychological factors with a known impact on health behaviors may provide valuable insights for attenuating this health crisis by curbing risky behaviors before they evolve into addiction. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is twofold: to demonstrate the relationship between community-level psychological traits and fatal opioid overdose both theoretically and empirically, and to provide a blueprint for using social media data to glean these psychological factors in a real-time, reliable, and scalable manner. METHODS We collected annual panel data from Twitter for 2891 counties in the United States between 2014-2016 and used a novel data mining technique to obtain average county-level “Big Five” psychological trait scores. We then performed interval regression, using a control function to alleviate omitted variable bias, to empirically test the relationship between county-level psychological traits and the prevalence of fatal opioid overdoses in each county. RESULTS After controlling for a wide range of community-level biopsychosocial factors related to health outcomes, we found that three of the operationalizations of the five psychological traits examined at the community level in the study were significantly associated with fatal opioid overdoses: extraversion (β=.308, <i>P</i>&lt;.001), neuroticism (β=.248, <i>P</i>&lt;.001), and conscientiousness (β=.229, <i>P</i>&lt;.001). CONCLUSIONS Analyzing the psychological characteristics of a community can be a valuable tool in the local, state, and national fight against the opioid pandemic. Health providers and community health organizations can benefit from this research by evaluating the psychological profile of the communities they serve and assessing the projected risk of fatal opioid overdose based on the relationships our study predict when making decisions for the allocation of overdose-reversal medication and other vital resources.

scholarly journals The Case of Windy Lake by M. Hutchinson

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaia MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Large City ◽  
Historical Trauma ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
To Come ◽  
Fitting In ◽  
The City

Hutchinson, Michael. The Case of Windy Lake. Second Story Press, 2019. Micheal Hutchinson is a citizen of the Misipawistik Cree Nation in the Treaty 5 territory and is no stranger to the Canadian media. He’s worked as a print reporter for The Calgary Straight and Aboriginal Times and became the host of APTN national news. Somehow in his busy life, he has found time to write two amazing children’s books. The Case of the Missing Auntie is Hutchinson’s second Mighty Muskrat Mystery book. It follows the cousins Chickadee, Otter, Samuel, and Atim (the Mighty Muskrats) of the Windy Lake First Nation. It takes place after the first book, but this time the Muskrats are leaving their reserve to spend time with family in the city. By setting the book in the city, the topic of urban Indigenous people arises. Hutchinson depicts a wide range of Indigenous people: nurses, students, musicians, and bullies. He doesn’t romanticize Indigenous people, opting to focus on realism and making the characters lifelike. The book makes sure to mention potential issues with moving/travelling from a reserve to a large city such as not fitting in and racism. The story has the same style as the previous Mighty Muskrat Mystery book with clear goals for the Muskrats to obtain: visit the Exhibition Fair, get Otter a ticket to see the band Wavoka’s Wail, and look for Auntie Charlotte who was taken during the 60’s scoop. One of the best parts is how realistic the story is, not everything goes the Mighty Muskrats way. This isn’t your typical “everything is going to work out just fine” story but that makes it a solid read—they need to come up with a plan B. It opens a dialogue on residential schools, the 60’s scoop, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It felt like a good introduction to those tough topics, explaining what they are without dismissing them as something that happened a long time ago or minimizing their modern impacts. Instead, the story shows the aftermath, and how it affects the younger generation without limiting characters’ identities to only be their relationship to historical trauma. As such, this book could work as a discussion starter between children and adults on these topics and could be used to promote critical discussion around themes like Indigenous identities and experiences. Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Kaia MacLeod Reviewers BiographyKaia MacLeod, a member of the James Smith Cree Nation, is an MLIS candidate at the University of Alberta. Her bachelor’s degree was in Film Studies, which she sometimes likes to call a degree in “movie watching,” she enjoys exploring how folklore is represented on film and in online content.

Evaluating Self-Control Theory Among the Deaf Community

2021 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2110491
Author(s):  
Tony R. Smith ◽  
Jason D. Scott ◽  
Judy L. Porter ◽  
LaVerne McQuiller Williams
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Deaf Community ◽  
Effective Parenting ◽  
Parental Management ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rule Breaking ◽  
The Relationship

This study evaluates the generality of self-control theory with a previously untested cultural group rarely studied by criminologists, the Deaf community. Survey data ( n = 428) from participants attending a university that houses a college for the Deaf and hard-of-hearing were compared with a sample of “hearing” students. The findings support Gottfredson and Hirschi’s cultural invariance thesis as self-control was consistently able to predict a wide range of rule-breaking behaviors among the culturally distinct groups examined. However, several unexpected results challenge the parental management thesis. In particular, exposure to effective parenting techniques was a significant contributor to variations in self-control for the hearing, but not the Deaf sample. Additionally, self-control did not fully mediate the relationship between child-rearing experiences and norm violating behaviors for the Deaf sample. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Too tempting to resist? Self-control moderates the relationship between narcissism and antisocial tendencies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramzi Fatfouta ◽  
Radosław Rogoza ◽  
Piotr Paweł Brud ◽  
Katrin Rentzsch
Keyword(s):  
Self Control ◽  
Behavioral Indicators ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Interpersonal Transgression ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Antisocial Tendencies ◽  
Moderating Role

Previous research highlights that narcissism predicts a wide range of antisocial tendencies. We propose that the expression of such tendencies is contingent on the level of dispositional self-control. Three independent studies (Ntotal = 1,458) using three different narcissism measures and self-reported as well as behavioral indicators of antisocial tendencies tested this moderation hypothesis. In Study 1, antagonistic narcissism was positively related to self-reported revenge following an interpersonal transgression and this relationship was weakened among individuals high (vs. low) in self-control. Studies 2 and 3 conceptually replicated this finding using different narcissism measures, respectively, and trait (Study 2) as well as behaviorally assessed aggression (Study 3) as outcome variables. Results support the moderating role of self-control in the antagonistic narcissism-antisociality link.

8. Behaviour in the macroeconomy

2017 ◽  
pp. 100-115
Author(s):  
Michelle Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Behavioural Economics ◽  
Macroeconomic Fluctuations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Behavioural macroeconomics has significant constraints, reflecting the difficulty of bringing together the choices of different people with widely different personality types, moods, and emotions, making decisions in complex ways using a wide range of heuristics that generate an even wider range of biases. ‘Behaviour in the macroeconomy’ explores how behavioural economists can overcome these difficulties, contributing to the development of innovative macroeconomic theories and collection of new types of behavioural macroeconomic data. It focuses on how social and psychological factors, including optimism and pessimism, help us to understand macroeconomic fluctuations; the impact of confidence and social mood on macroeconomic outcomes; and another theme in behavioural economics—happiness and well-being.

scholarly journals Brain Tumor Analysis Empowered with Deep Learning: A Review, Taxonomy, and Future Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Waqas Nadeem ◽  
Mohammed A. Al Ghamdi ◽  
Muzammil Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Adnan Khan ◽  
Khalid Masood Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Medical Image ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Medical Image Analysis ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Discussion Section ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Classification Prediction

Deep Learning (DL) algorithms enabled computational models consist of multiple processing layers that represent data with multiple levels of abstraction. In recent years, usage of deep learning is rapidly proliferating in almost every domain, especially in medical image processing, medical image analysis, and bioinformatics. Consequently, deep learning has dramatically changed and improved the means of recognition, prediction, and diagnosis effectively in numerous areas of healthcare such as pathology, brain tumor, lung cancer, abdomen, cardiac, and retina. Considering the wide range of applications of deep learning, the objective of this article is to review major deep learning concepts pertinent to brain tumor analysis (e.g., segmentation, classification, prediction, evaluation.). A review conducted by summarizing a large number of scientific contributions to the field (i.e., deep learning in brain tumor analysis) is presented in this study. A coherent taxonomy of research landscape from the literature has also been mapped, and the major aspects of this emerging field have been discussed and analyzed. A critical discussion section to show the limitations of deep learning techniques has been included at the end to elaborate open research challenges and directions for future work in this emergent area.

scholarly journals Midday napping in children: associations between nap frequency and duration across cognitive, positive psychological well-being, behavioral, and metabolic health outcomes

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianghong Liu ◽  
Rui Feng ◽  
Xiaopeng Ji ◽  
Naixue Cui ◽  
Adrian Raine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Internalizing Behavior ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Metabolic Outcomes ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractStudy ObjectivesPoor sleep and daytime sleepiness in children and adolescents have short- and long-term consequences on various aspects of health. Midday napping may be a useful strategy to reduce such negative impacts. The effect of habitual napping on a wide spectrum of cognitive, behavioral, psychological, and metabolic outcomes has not been systematically investigated.MethodsThis study characterized midday napping habits in 3819 elementary school children from the China Jintan Cohort Study. In 2011, weekly nap frequency and average duration were collected once from students at grades 4–6. Prior to their completion of elementary school at grade 6 (in 2011–2013 respective to each grade), the following outcomes were collected once: behavioral and academic achievement evaluated by teachers, and self-reported positive psychology measures including grit, self-control, and happiness. IQ tests were conducted on a subgroup. Metabolic indices, including body mass index and fasting glucose concentration, were measured through physical exams. For the whole sample, we assessed associations between napping and each outcome, adjusted for sex, grade, school location, parental education, and time in bed at night. We also conducted stratified analyses on grade 6 (cross-sectional), grade 4 (2-year gap), and grade 5 (1-year gap) data.ResultsOverall, napping was significantly associated with higher happiness, grit, and self-control, reduced internalizing behavior problem, higher verbal IQs, and better academic achievement, although specific patterns varied across frequency and duration for different outcomes. More limited significant associations were found for decreased externalizing behavior problems, compared to non-nappers, while no significant associations were found for performance IQ and metabolic outcomes.ConclusionsResults indicate benefits of regular napping across a wide range of adolescent outcomes, including better cognition, better psychological wellness, and reduced emotional/behavioral problems. The current study underscores the need for further large-scale intervention studies to establish causal effects.

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