Hearing Homophony

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Kaes Long
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Ripple Effect ◽  
Text Setting ◽  
Rhythm And Meter ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Phrase Rhythm

This book examines a repertoire of homophonic vernacular partsongs composed around the turn of the seventeenth century, and considers how these partsongs exploit rhythm, meter, phrase structure, and form to craft harmonic trajectories. Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi, Thomas Morley, Hans Leo Hassler, and their contemporaries engineered a particular kind of centricity that is distinctively tonal: they strategically deployed dominant harmonies at regular periodicities and in combination with poetic, phrase structural, and formal cues, thereby creating expectation for tonic harmonies. Homophony provided an ideal venue for these experiments: spurred by an increasing demand for comprehensible texts, composers of partsongs developed rigid text-setting procedures that promoted both metrical regularity and consistent phrase rhythm. This rhythmic consistency had a ripple effect: it encouraged composers to design symmetrical phrase structures and to build comprehensible, repetitive, and predictable formal structures. Thus, homophonic partsongs create and exploit trajectories from dominants to tonics on multiple scales, from cadence to sub-phrase to phrase to form. Ultimately, this book argues for a model of tonality—and of tonality’s history—that centers not pitch, but rhythm and meter. Metrically oriented harmonic trajectories encourage tonal expectation. And we can locate these trajectories in a variety of repertoires, including those that we traditionally understand as “modal.”

Coal-Mining in the Seventeenth Century

1925 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 79-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Moller
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Individual Consumer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Forest Lands

The history of coal-mining in the seventeenth century covers what may be termed the first chapter in the great story of English coal. In less than a century a seemingly insignificant and experimental industry developed into one of considerable importance. Coal had been used locally before this period; but an industry, as such, did not arise till a decline in the country's supply of wood stimulated new activities. It is possible that the introduction of coal might have been indefinitely postponed, had not years of ruthless felling of timber and neglect of forest lands, coincident with an increasing demand for wood for other than domestic purposes, caused a shortage of fuel. To the Elizabethan the decay of woods had an even wider significance. The demands of the Navy, the extension of the Empire and the discovery of new countries all laid a claim on timber. Its preservation became a matter of national concern. That the individual consumer should have possessed this degree of circumspection, and acted accordingly, was hardly to be expected; but the national needs were brought home to him through an increase in the price of wood. The use of coal became a matter of necessity rather than of choice.

The Work of the Words

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-98
Author(s):  
Megan Kaes Long
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Text Setting ◽  
Tonal Language ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Organizational Framework ◽  
Musical Systems ◽  
Regular Text ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Way

Composers of homophonic partsongs developed formulaic text-setting schemas that translated poetic meter into musical meter: line lengths determine phrase lengths, poetic accents establish musical accents, and poetic form controls cadences and formal boundaries. Consequently, text-setting establishes an increasingly deep mensural hierarchy. At the same time, schematic text-setting codifies an organizational framework that parallels the way the mind constructs musical meter. According to dynamic attending theory, listener attention peaks in response to environmental regularities; this theory suggests that regular metrical frameworks like those in homophonic partsongs facilitate tonal expectation by drawing listener attention toward metrically accented harmonic events. Regular text-setting contributes to musical meter in a period when mensural structures are giving way to metrical ones. A new metrical style and a new tonal language emerge in tandem in the early seventeenth century, and the balletto repertoire highlights the close relationship between these evolving musical systems.

Halves Requiring Completion

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-139
Author(s):  
Megan Kaes Long
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Harmonic Component ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Text Setting ◽  
Listening Strategies

Sixteenth-century theorists did not describe phrase structure; they were concerned instead with counterpoint. But phrase was an unavoidable consideration in the fast-paced, syllabic environment of vocal homophony. Schematic text-setting ensured that homophonic phrases were concise and discrete, segmenting the musical surface into short, symmetrical units demarcated by efficient cadences. Melodic construction changed in turn, as composers focused on getting from cadence to cadence. These early experiments with phrase design had a strong harmonic component: through the analysis of over one thousand phrases, this chapter demonstrates how repertoire-wide norms privilege dominant–tonic relationships at the phrase level. Composers supported these harmonic trajectories with new melodic strategies that emphasized transposition and transformation of goal-directed motives. Ultimately, phrase structure—especially the nascent musical period—encouraged dynamic listening strategies that played a crucial role in the early development of tonality.

scholarly journals Coaching Mozart’s String Quintet in E-flat major

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph C. Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Phrase Structure ◽  
String Quintet ◽  
Phrase Rhythm

In this paper I explore the use of rhythmic analysis in relation to performance decisions for a coaching of Mozart’s String Quintet in E-Flat Major, K. 614, first movement. The analysis proposes a “basic rhythmic shape” for this movement, addresses issues involving phrase rhythm (phrase structure in relation to hypermeter), and presents possible responses to these observations in performance.

Commentary: Seventeenth-Century Venetian Opera as Fondamente nuove

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Rosand
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Publishing Industry ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Ideal

Seventeenth-century Venice was the ideal center for the development of opera because of certain special conditions: regular demand from a broad and depend able audience of citizens and travelers alike, dependable financial backing from the many competing patrician families who constructed and operated theaters, a flourishing publishing industry that provided publicity, and a tradition in which the arts were designed specifically to enhance the self-image of the republic. These conditions combined to sustain a genre that appealed to its audience on multiple levels. The increasing demand for new works precipitated the development of new modes of production and communication, and the various musical and dramatic conventions that originated during this era have persisted to the present day.

From Phrase Structure to Form

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-169
Author(s):  
Megan Kaes Long
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Repeat Structure ◽  
English Composers ◽  
Formal Procedures

The balletto unfolds on a uniquely small scale: many balletti can be performed in less than a minute. The genre’s brevity supports a number of perceptual benefits that train listeners to attend to tonal dynamics at multiple scales. The shortest balletti lie at the perceptual limit for entraining hypermeter and within the boundary for remembering tonic. Dynamic attending theory posits that periodic cadences correspond with peaks of attention, facilitating comparison of distant harmonic events. The balletto’s repeat structure fosters a deeper knowledge of tonal and formal procedures, and repetition directs attention to larger groupings. Together, these principles enabled listeners to identify important harmonic events, compare them across broad time spans, and associate them with specific formal units. Furthermore, a comparison of Italian, English, and German balletti reveals important regional differences in tonal and harmonic norms, illustrating how English composers, especially Thomas Morley, maximally leveraged the genre’s profound perceptual benefits.

SWEET DEBATES IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY BARCELONA

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
MARTA MANZANARES MILEO
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Court Records ◽  
Social Distinction ◽  
Legal Case ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Source Materials

Abstract Scholarly interest in early modern sweets has focused on the central role of these food products as markers of social distinction and conspicuous consumption in elite contexts, mainly centred on northern Europe and Italy. Less fully understood are the ways in which the increasing demand for sugar and sweets informed their production and marketing at local levels, in particular in non-courtly urban areas. This article examines the legal case against the baker Josep Cortés, accused of making and selling sponge biscuits in violation of the privilege of confectioners in late seventeenth-century Barcelona. It addresses how confectioners and bakers materially and discursively defined their products based on the use of certain ingredients, utensils, and skill. This article also illustrates a shift from a generic idea of sweetness to one which was explicitly linked to sugar in the period when sugar was becoming a semi-affordable commodity in Europe. By addressing diverse source materials including court records, printed cookbooks, handwritten recipes, and inventories, this case study exemplifies the significant material and cultural dimensions that sugar adopted during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Development of 200 kV Scanning-Transmission Electron Microscope

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 410-411
Author(s):  
H. Koike ◽  
S. Sakurai ◽  
K. Ueno ◽  
M. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Magnetic Domains ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Backscattered Electron ◽  
Increasing Demand

In recent years, there has been increasing demand for higher voltage SEMs, in the field of surface observation, especially that of magnetic domains, dislocations, and electron channeling patterns by backscattered electron microscopy. On the other hand, the resolution of the CTEM has now reached 1 ∼ 2Å, and several reports have recently been made on the observation of atom images, indicating that the ultimate goal of morphological observation has beem nearly achieved.

The Evolution of an SLPA Program

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Susan Sparks ◽  
Lisa Van Horne
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Assigned Reading ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Strict Compliance ◽  
Increasing Demand

Abstract There is an increasing demand for qualified individuals available in our profession. One answer to this crisis is to hire trained speech-language pathology assistants (SLPAs) to assist speech language pathologists (SLPs). Shoreline Community College's SLPA program was created in response to the shortage of fully trained SLPs. The program is designed in strict compliance with ASHA's guidelines (ASHA, 2004). Students attend lectures remotely, complete assigned reading, take quizzes, engage in in-class and online discussions, turn in assignments, and take exams without ever having to commute to the Shoreline campus. This allows students from across the state to complete their education while continuing to live and work in their communities.

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