The Awakening and Theology

2019 ◽  
pp. 111-146
Author(s):  
Andrew Kloes
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Religious Experiences ◽  
University Professors ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Awakening ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Academic Theology

This chapter analyzes how new developments within early nineteenth-century, university-based, academic theology were expressions of religious awakenings that had occurred in Protestant communities in Germany. The respective schools of thought reflected many university theologians’ own personal religious experiences of awakening. These considerably shaped the aims and methods of their scholarship. Recognizing how university professors were influential leaders in the Awakening movement through their lecturing, writing, and roles in new religious voluntary societies underscores an important point about the social composition of the movement. It was not simply a phenomenon of popular religious culture. Rather, different theological varieties of awakened Protestantism were fostered by some of the most learned members of the Protestant churches of Germany. They used their status and authority to promote such beliefs and assumed doing so was a responsibility of the academic and ecclesiastical offices that they held.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Andrew Kloes
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Church Leaders ◽  
University Professors ◽  
The Awakening ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Thematic Approach ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Academic Theology ◽  
Previous Scholarship

This chapter introduces the topic of the book, the “Awakening movement” (Erweckungsbewegung) in German Protestantism, by discussing the claims that were made by many German and other European church leaders and university professors in the mid-nineteenth century that a major religious awakening had occurred at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It then discusses the existing historiography of the Awakening movement, almost all of which has been written in German. Whereas the previous scholarship on the Awakening has been characterized by its focus on various specific regions of German-speaking Europe, this chapter concludes by outlining how this book adopts a thematic approach to the Awakening. This chapter describes how subsequent chapters will analyze the Awakening movement through how it appeared within four distinct areas of Protestant religious life: preaching, academic theology, organized evangelism, and caritative initiatives.

Social Revolution in Russian Female Monasticism: The Case of the Convent of the Intercession, 1700–1917

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlyn Miller
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
General Population ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Female Monasticism ◽  
Economic Need

Focusing on central Orthodox regions in post-Petrine Russia, Marlyn Miller investigates the changing social composition of nuns in Orthodox convents from 1700 through 1917 through a case study on the Convent of the Intercession in Suzdal. Primarily based on a careful study of archival documents, Miller reveals a dramatic drop in the percentage of noblewomen among the ranks of the nuns in Russian convents and a growing predominance of women from the ranks of the peasantry—a “democratization”, as Marlyn characterizes it, among the social composition of female monastics. This trend was already in place following Catherine II’s secularlization policies and continued throughout the nineteenth century. In post-reform Russia, this accompanied a general growth in the number of female monastics, which tripled from 1869 to 1914, in part following general population trends, but also corresponding to the spiritual revivalism of this era. Intriguingly, however, Miller finds that key motivations for women to enter monasteries remained largely unchanged and centered on economic need, dedication to their faith, or personal reasons of family or marriage avoidance up to 1917.

The Social Composition of the County Magistracy in England and Wales, 1831–1887

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl H. E. Zangerl
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Time Span ◽  
County Government ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Church

“The revolution is made,” the Duke of Wellington declared in 1833, “that is to say power is transferred from one class in society, the gentlemen of England professing the faith of the Church of England, to another class of society, the shopkeepers being dissenters from the Church, many of them being Socinians, others atheists.” Wellington's political postmortem was, to say the least, premature. The gentlemen of England and Wales continued to prosper, especially in the counties. In fact, most local government historians have argued that the landed classes virtually monopolized the administration of county affairs before 1888 when county government was institutionally restructured by the County Councils Act. The instrument of their control was the county magistracy acting in Quarter and Petty Sessions. K. B. Smellie, expressing a widely-held viewpoint, describes the county magistracy in the nineteenth century as the “rear guard of an agrarian oligarchy,” the “most aristocratic feature of English government.” Yet no one has furnished statistical evidence for this contention on a countrywide basis or for an extended time span. Is the notion of an aristocratic stranglehold over the counties really more impressionistic than substantive? By examining the “Returns of Justices of the Peace” between 1831 and 1887 in the British Parliamentary Papers, a nearly untapped statistical storehouse, it is possible to determine the degree of continuity in the social composition of the county magistracy.Before doing so, it might be helpful to sketch the changing character of the Quarter Sessions.

Deification in Russian Religious Thought

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Coates
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
Religious Order ◽  
Central Thesis ◽  
Divine Attribute ◽  
The Social ◽  
Russian Religious Thought ◽  
Revolutionary Period

Deification in Russian Religious Thought is a study of the reception of the Eastern Christian (Orthodox) doctrine of deification by Russian religious thinkers of the immediate pre-revolutionary period. Deification is the metaphor that the Greek patristic tradition came to privilege in its articulation of the Christian concept of salvation: to be saved is to be deified, that is, to share in the divine attribute of immortality. The central thesis of this book is that between the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 Russian religious thinkers turned to deification in their search for a response to the imminent destruction of the Russian autocracy (and the social and religious order that supported it), that was commensurate with its perceived apocalyptic significance. Contextual chapters set out the parameters of the Greek patristic understanding of deification and the reception of the idea in nineteenth-century Russian religious culture, literature, and thought. Then, four major works by prominent thinkers of the Russian Religious Renaissance are analysed, demonstrating the salience of the deification theme and exploring the variety of forms of its expression. In these works by Merezhkovsky, Berdiaev, Bulgakov, and Florensky, deification is taken out of its original theological context and applied respectively to politics, creativity, economics, and asceticism: this is presented as a modernist endeavour. Nevertheless their common emphasis on deification as a project, a practice that should deliver the ontological transformation and immortalization of human beings, society, culture, and the material universe, whilst likewise modernist, is also what connects them to deification’s theological source.

scholarly journals Denominational Reception of Literary Modernity in Hungary Before 1920

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Zoltán Szénási
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Modern Literature ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Bases ◽  
Religious Morality

Christian denominations generally viewed the social and ideological changes that occurred throughout the nineteenth century as crises and therefore perceived modern literature as a manifestation of decadence. Due to their diverse rootedness within Hungary’s social and political life, each denomination reacted distinctively to the phenomena of the modern. This paper describes the different reactions of the Catholic and Protestant Churches and examines their social background by analyzing the denominational and literary conditions of Hungary at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. Obviously, both the Catholic and Protestant Churches needed to modernize their social and cultural institutions in order to regain their former social bases: until 1920, however, this effort yielded no valuable results, primarily because their attempts to create a denominational version of modern literature was subordinated to the requirements of religious morality and thus was not capable of achieving artistic autonomy.

scholarly journals The Young Kyai (Lora) and Transformation of the Pesantren in Madura

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Umiarso El-Rumi
Keyword(s):  
Boarding School ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
General Science ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Islamic Values

<p>This research focuses on the leadership of the A’wam Council, group of young religious scholars or <em>kyai</em> (<em>Lora</em>) at the Mambaul Ulum Bata-Bata Pamekasan Madura Islamic Boarding School, in carrying out institutional transformation of the pesantren (traditional Islamic boarding schools). As the protector of religious-culture, <em>Lora</em> not only preserves the various acpects of religion such as marriage and security (by performing the rituals of <em>tahlil</em>, or <em>yasinan</em>) but also maintains public morality and good social and political relations in the community. <em>Lora</em> functions as the a protector of culture and religion (<em>amanah </em>or public trust) in order to increase the social capital of the pesantren (enriching social networks). Using the collective leadership theory by O’Neill &amp; Berinkerhoff and a qualitative approach through observation, interviews, and documentation, this article finds that <em>Lora</em> leadership made use of Islamic values in transforming this institution from a traditional pesantren (<em>salaf</em>) to modern one (<em>khalaf</em>). This process was coupled with the development of an interconnective-integralist paradigm that led to a new pesantren model that not only preserves the traditional methods but also adopted new developments in contemporary thought, namely combining and integrating religious knowledge with general science</p><p> </p><p><em>Riset ini memfokuskan pada dinamika kepemimpinan Dewan A’wam –yang merupakan kumpulan kyai muda (Lora) di Pesantren Mambaul Ulum Bata-Bata Pamekasan Madura- dalam melakukan transfomasi kelembagaan pesantren. Sebagai pelindung budaya-agama, Lora tidak hanya memposisikan diri untuk menjaga berbagai dimensi agama seperti pernikahan dan keselamatan (tahlil, atau yasinan), namun juga menjaga moralitas budaya masyarakat serta dinamika sosial politik. Konsistensi dalam peran sebagai pelindung budaya-agama difungsikan oleh Lora untuk menumbuhkan modal sosial pesantren (amanah dan jejaring sosial). Dengan menggunakan teori kepemimpinan kolektif oleh O’Neill &amp; Berinkerhoff dan pendekatan kualitatif melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumtasi, artikel ini menemukan bahwa kepemimpinan Lora didasarkan pada nilai-nilai religius Islam di dalam melakukan pengelolaan pesantren hingga mampu bertransformasi dari pesantren tradisional (salaf) ke modern (khalaf). Proses tersebut dirangkai dengan perkembangan paradigma interkonektif-integralis yang berimplikasi pada model pesantren yang hanya mengajarkan ilmu agama akan diganti dengan nuansa baru, yaitu memadukan dan mengintegrasikan ilmu agama dengan ilmu umum</em></p>

The changing profile of a nineteenth-century asylum: the York Retreat

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Digby
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

SynopsisThis paper focuses on the later history of the York Retreat after the initial period for which it is best known. It discusses the marked changes which occurred in the social composition of its patients and the way in which these changes modified the asylum's management and therapy. It argues that the conventional image of the Retreat, based as it is on the institution's earliest years, needs considerable revision.

Disciplined Rebels: The Revolution of 1880 in Buenos Aires

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARIEL YABLON
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Revolutionary Movements ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Revolution

AbstractThis article studies the relationship between electoral processes, popular mobilisation, and revolutionary movements in Argentina at the end of the nineteenth century. Focusing on the revolution of 1880, it is argued that the fraud in favour of General Julio A. Roca, that was perceived to have occurred in the presidential election of that year, resulted in the mobilisation of vast sectors of the Buenos Aires population and the organisation of militias. By analysing the social composition, organisation, and sources of recruitment of these militias, the article claims that although personal allegiance, clientelism and coercion played a role in this mobilisation, these factors are not sufficient to explain the popularity of the movement. The revolution owed its wide and active support to the claims of its leaders, who centred their discourse on defending the purity of suffrage and the rights of citizens to bear arms in order to protect their rights and freedoms.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 223-226
Author(s):  
Andrew Kloes
Keyword(s):  
The Awakening ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Academic Theology ◽  
Christian Message

This chapter concludes the book by discussing how the Awakening movement may be conceptualized in five ways. The Awakening was orthodox. It was a response against certain doctrinal and theological developments that had appeared within the Protestant churches during the religious Enlightenment. The Awakening was pietistic. It sought to reform the Protestant churches of Germany through the spiritual revival of their constituent members. The Awakening was ecumenical. Lutherans and the German Reformed worked together with like-minded Catholics, who shared their conviction that the basic Christian message had become corrupted, forgotten, or ignored in many places in Germany. The Awakening was international. Awakened Protestants in Germany and evangelicals in Britain exercised influence upon each other through the exchange of models for new religious initiatives and works of academic theology. The Awakening was modern. The Enlightenment brought new civic freedoms to Germany, which enabled awakened Protestants to pursue their religious goals.

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