Past Emerging Viruses

Emerging Viruses ◽

Human Host ◽

Childhood Infections ◽

Nomadic Life ◽

Early Farmers ◽

Airborne Viruses ◽

This chapter focuses on past emerging viruses. For our ancestors, it was their change in lifestyle from hunter-gatherer to farmer some 10,000 years ago that triggered an onslaught of new, emerging infectious diseases. The switch from the nomadic life to living in fixed communities, along with the change from hunting animals to their domestication, encouraged spillover of new viruses as well as other types of microbes. As such, the early farmers’ emerging viruses jumped from the animals they domesticated, while the cramped conditions of life in villages, and later towns, gave these viruses the opportunity to thrive in their new human host. This was the beginning of many of our acute childhood infections, so-called crowd diseases. The chapter looks at how these ancient afflictions have evolved over the intervening 10,000 years with a view to understanding how diseases like COVID-19 might evolve over time. It considers smallpox and measles, which are both highly infectious, lethal, airborne viruses, as well as polio, which is spread by faecal–oral contamination.

Emergence of evidence during disease outbreaks: lessons learnt from the Zika virus outbreak

10.1101/2020.03.16.20036806 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michel J Counotte ◽

Kaspar W Meili ◽

Nicola Low

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Study Design ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Case Reports ◽

Case Series ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Basic Research ◽

First Case ◽

AbstractIntroductionOutbreaks of infectious diseases trigger an increase in scientific research and output. Early in outbreaks, evidence is scarce, but it accumulates rapidly. We are continuously facing new disease outbreaks, including the new coronavirus (SARS-nCoV-2) in December 2019.The objective of this study was to describe the accumulation of evidence during the 2013-2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in the Pacific and the Americas related to aetiological causal questions about congenital abnormalities and Guillain-Barré syndrome.MethodsWe hypothesised that the temporal sequence would follow a pre-specified order, according to study design. We assessed 1) how long it takes before findings from a specific study design appear, 2) how publication of preprints could reduce the time to publication and 3) how time to publication evolves over time.ResultsWe included 346 publications published between March 6, 2014 and January 1, 2019. In the 2013-–2016 ZIKV outbreak, case reports, case series and basic research studies were published first. Case-control and cohort studies appeared between 400–700 days after ZIKV was first detected in the region of the study origin. Delay due to the publication process were lowest at the beginning of the outbreak. Only 4.6% of the publications was available as preprints.DiscussionThe accumulation of evidence over time in new causal problems generally followed a hierarchy. Preprints reduced the delay to initial publication. Our methods can be applied to new emerging infectious diseases.

Human major infections: Tuberculosis, treponematoses, leprosy—A paleopathological perspective of their evolution

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0243687 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. e0243687

Author(s):

Maciej Henneberg ◽

Kara Holloway-Kew ◽

Teghan Lucas

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Initial Period ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Host Disease ◽

Human Host ◽

Monotonic Increase ◽

Skeletal Changes ◽

Chi Squared ◽

The key to evolution is reproduction. Pathogens can either kill the human host or can invade the host without causing death, thus ensuring their own survival, reproduction and spread. Tuberculosis, treponematoses and leprosy are widespread chronic infectious diseases whereby the host is not immediately killed. These diseases are examples of the co-evolution of host and pathogen. They can be well studied as the paleopathological record is extensive, spanning over 200 human generations. The paleopathology of each disease has been well documented in the form of published synthetic analyses recording each known case and case frequencies in the samples they were derived from. Here the data from these synthetic analyses were re-analysed to show changes in the prevalence of each disease over time. A total of 69,379 skeletons are included in this study. There was ultimately a decline in the prevalence of each disease over time, this decline was statistically significant (Chi-squared, p<0.001). A trend may start with the increase in the disease’s prevalence before the prevalence declines, in tuberculosis the decline is monotonic. Increase in skeletal changes resulting from the respective diseases appears in the initial period of host-disease contact, followed by a decline resulting from co-adaptation that is mutually beneficial for the disease (spread and maintenance of pathogen) and host (less pathological reactions to the infection). Eventually either the host may become immune or tolerant, or the pathogen tends to be commensalic rather than parasitic.

Expansion and Refinement of Deep Sequence-Coupled Biopanning Technology for Epitope-Specific Antibody Responses in Human Serum

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12101114 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1114

Author(s):

Nikole L. Warner ◽

Alexandria C. Linville ◽

Susan B. Core ◽

Brechla Moreno ◽

Juan M. Pascale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Deep Sequencing ◽

Specific Antibody ◽

Nonstructural Protein ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Emerging Viruses ◽

Nonstructural Protein 1 ◽

Deep Sequencing Technology

Identifying the specific epitopes targeted by antibodies elicited in response to infectious diseases is important for developing vaccines and diagnostics. However, techniques for broadly exploring the specificity of antibodies in a rapid manner are lacking, limiting our ability to quickly respond to emerging viruses. We previously reported a technology that couples deep sequencing technology with a bacteriophage MS2 virus-like particle (VLP) peptide display platform for identifying pathogen-specific antibody responses. Here, we describe refinements that expand the number of patient samples that can be processed at one time, increasing the utility of this technology for rapidly responding to emerging infectious diseases. We used dengue virus (DENV) as a model system since much is already known about the antibody response. Sera from primary DENV-infected patients (n = 28) were used to pan an MS2 bacteriophage VLP library displaying all possible 10-amino-acid peptides from the DENV polypeptide. Selected VLPs were identified by deep sequencing and further investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We identified previously described immunodominant regions of envelope and nonstructural protein-1, as well as a number of other epitopes. Our refinement of the deep sequence-coupled biopanning technology expands the utility of this approach for rapidly investigating the specificity of antibody responses to infectious diseases.

Human major infections: tuberculosis, treponematoses, leprosy – a paleopathological perspective of their evolution

10.1101/2020.11.30.403675 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Maciej Henneberg ◽

Kara Holloway-Kew ◽

Teghan Lucas

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Initial Period ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Host Disease ◽

Human Host ◽

Skeletal Changes ◽

Chi Squared ◽

AbstractObjectiveThe key to evolution is reproduction. Pathogens can either kill the human host or can invade the host without causing death, thus ensuring their own survival, reproduction and spread. Tuberculosis, treponematoses and leprosy are widespread chronic infectious diseases whereby the host is not immediately killed. These diseases are examples of the co-evolution of host and pathogen. They can be well studied as the paleopathological record is extensive, spanning over 200 human generations.MethodsThe paleopathology of each disease has been well documented in the form of published synthetic analyses recording each known case and case frequencies in the samples they were derived from. Here the data from these synthetic analyses were re-analysed to show changes in the prevalence of each disease over time. A total of 69,379 skeletons are included in this study.ResultsThere was ultimately a decline in the prevalence of each disease over time, this decline was statistically significant (Chi-squared, p<0.001). A trend may start with the increase in the disease’s prevalence before the prevalence declines, in tuberculosis the decline is monotonic.ConclusionsIncrease in skeletal changes resulting from the respective diseases appears in the initial period of host-disease contact, followed by a decline resulting from co-adaptation that is mutually beneficial for the disease (spread and maintenance of pathogen) and host (less pathological reactions to the infection). Eventually either the host may become immune or tolerant, or the pathogen tends to be commensalic rather than parasitic.

Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Strategy for the 21st Century: Overview of the Updated CDC Plan

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e547642006-001 ◽

1998 ◽

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

21St Century ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (Tuberculosis, Nontuberculous Mycobacteriosis)

Nihon Kikan Shokudoka Gakkai Kaiho ◽

10.2468/jbes.67.339 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (5) ◽

pp. 339-346

Author(s):

Hideaki Nagai

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Evolution, Ayurveda, immunity, and preventive aspects for emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.2227 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 86-93

Author(s):

Dhirajsingh Sumersingh Rajput

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Continuous Process ◽

Physiological Mechanism ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Breathing Exercise ◽

Theory Of Evolution ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Better Than ◽

Living Being

Evolution is continuous process of changes in structural and physiological mechanism in living being. Microbes/pathogens can evolve naturally or artificially and become resistant to various medicines. Novel coronavirus is such evolved pathogen of coronavirus group. Enough strong immunity is needed to prevent or survive from COVID-19 pandemic. Ayurveda provides ways for evolving physiological responses to built immunity. Present work is brief attempt to increase insight in this filed.Present review was done based on simple theory of evolution, recent updates regarding prevention of COVID-19, Ayurveda aspect toward infectious diseases and Ayurveda ways towards prevention of infectious diseases with special reference to COVID-19. Person with impaired immunity is more susceptible for COVID-19 and thus immunity is an important preventing factor. Ayurveda Rasayana (rejuvanation) herbs, Yoga exercises, Pranayama (special breathing exercise), daily regimens and personal hygiene guidelines can be helpful strategies in controlling the spread of COVID-19.The preventive aspects of pandemic situations are narrated in Ayurveda with enough details. These ways need to be scientifically explored and refined for precision. As prevention is always better than cure hence Ayurveda ways can be considered for future strategies to avoid pandemics such as COVID-19. There is great need of research on Ayurveda medicines on COVID-19 like diseases.

Awareness of symptomatic differences Covid-19, SARS, Swine Flu, Common cold among dental students

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3431 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 1026-1033

Author(s):

Nivedha Valliammai Mahalingam ◽

Abilasha R ◽

Kavitha S

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Common Cold ◽

Dental Students ◽

Swine Flu ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Enormous successes have been obtained against the control of major epidemic diseases, such as SARS, MERS, Ebola, Swine Flu in the past. Dynamic interplay of biological, socio-cultural and ecological factors, together with novel aspects of human-animal interphase, pose additional challenges with respect to the emergence of infectious diseases. The important challenges faced in the control and prevention of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases range from understanding the impact of factors that are necessary for the emergence, to development of strengthened surveillance systems that can mitigate human suffering and death. The aim of the current study is to assess the awareness of symptomatic differences between viral diseases like COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu and common cold among dental students that support the prevention of emergence or re-emergence. Cross-sectional type of study conducted among the undergraduate students comprising 100 Subjects. A questionnaire comprising 15 questions in total were framed, and responses were collected in Google forms in SPSS Software statistical analysis. The study has concluded that dental students have an awareness of the symptomatic differences between infectious viral disease. The study concluded that the awareness of symptomatic differences between viral diseases like COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu, Common cold is good among the dental students who would pave the way for early diagnosis and avoid spreading of such diseases. A further awareness can be created by regular webinars, seminars and brainstorming sessions among these healthcare professionals.