Gendered Glissandos

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-213
Author(s):  
Alison Rice
Keyword(s):  
Women Writers ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Professional Fulfillment

Chapter 7 explores how worldwide women writers have adopted new approaches to feminist concerns. They find inspiration in their own heterogeneity, their diverse backgrounds and proclivities, as well as their familiarity with the experiences of many others to create literary compositions that weigh questions of undeniable importance to women, ranging from professional fulfillment to sexual harassment. Gendered requirements for women in various countries and cultures are evoked in literary compositions that portray the complexity of choices that women who have come to France from elsewhere often face on a regular basis. These authors explore in vivid terms the pressures to conform that so many women experience in this country, regardless of their origin, with a special focus on the seemingly inflexible expectation that women will become mothers. They also delve into conceptions of femininity in a variety of contexts, and extol malleable, multiple, even musical models of behavior that transcend gender-based stereotypes. While they give voice to a wide range of viewpoints in their texts, in my interviews they exhibit an almost unanimous reluctance to accept the label “feminist,” due in large part to the pejorative connotations the term took acquired in many circles in France in the years following the women’s movements of the 1970s. Just as their spoken comments reveal judicious reconsiderations of the term, their written work hints that it isn’t wise to dismiss it altogether; they urge instead the creation of expressions that promote women’s human rights in ways that vary according to context.

«Яузнаюсебявмоемотце»:НиколайIикультимператораПавлаIвовторойчетвертиXIXв

2019 ◽  
pp. 160-193
Author(s):  
A.V. Morokhin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Father Figure ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
State Activity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Imperial Family ◽  
The 19Th Century

На основе широкого круга источников (прежде всего личного происхождения) в статье анализируется роль Николая I в формировании культа Павла I в императорской семье во второй половине XIX века. В работе затрагиваются личные воспоминания Николая I об отце, его немногочисленные публичные суждения о Павле I, а также соответствующие свидетельства современников. В статье особое внимание уделяется роли, которую императрица Мария Федоровна сыграла в формировании культа своего мужа во время правления Александра I (18011825) и ее влиянию на Николая I, приобретшего идеальную фигуру отца. В статье также освещается отношение Николая I к событиям марта 1801 года, связанным с убийством Павла I, описываются цензурные меры, которые были введены во время его правления, чтобы не разглашать правду о смерти императора. Также показано отношение Николая I к нескольким членам окружения императора Павла I, который прожил свою жизнь в годы правления его сына (И. Е. фаворитка Павла Нелидова, Н. О. Kutlubitsky, П. Х. Obolyaninov). В статье также рассматривается роль, которую сыграл Николай I в создании памятника своему отцу в Гатчине. Обращается внимание на некоторые моменты, связанные с государственной деятельностью монарха и манерой поведения, которую Николай I явно заимствовал у Павла I. делается вывод, что идеи правительства Павла оказали глубокое влияние на действия Николая I во внутренней и внешней политике. Изображен процесс сохранения культа Павла I в императорской семье во второй половине 19 начале 20 веков.In the basis of a wide range of sources (first of all of a personal origin), the article analyzes the role Nicolas I played in the formation of the cult of Paul I in the imperial family in the second half of the 19th century. The work touches upon the personal memories of Nicolas I about his father, his few public judgments of Paul I, and relevant testimonies of contemporaries. The article places special focus on the role that Empress Maria Feodorovna played in the formation of the cult of her husband during the rule of Alexander I (1801 1825) and her influence on Nicolas I acquiring a perfect father figure. The article also highlights the attitude of Nicolas I to the events of March 1801, related to the murder of Paul I, describes the censorship measures that were introduced during his rule in order not to disclose the truth about the Emperors death. Also shown is the attitude of Nicolas I to several members of the entourage of Paul I who lived out their lives in the years of his sons rule (E.I. Nelidova, N.O. Kutlubitsky, P.Kh. Obolyaninov). The article also reviews the role played by Nicolas I in the creation of the monument to his father in Gatchina. Attention is drawn to some things related to the monarchs state activity and the mode of behavior that Nicolas I obviously borrowed from Paul I. The conclusion is made that Pauls government ideas had a profound impact on Nicolas I domestic and foreign policy actions. Depicted is the process preservation of the cult of Paul I in the Imperial Family in the second half of the 19th early 20th centuries.

La desaparición forzada de los normalistas de Ayotzinapa. Una tragedia para reflexionar desde la óptica del sistema interamericano de protección de los derechos humanos

2018 ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Pietro Sferrazza Taibi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Rural Teachers ◽  
Teachers College ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Mexican State ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Precautionary Measures

ResumenLa desaparición forzada de los estudiantes normalistas ocurrida en septiembre de 2014 en las cercanías de la localidad mexicana de Ayotzinapa es una tragedia que, además de captar la atención de la prensa internacional, ha activado el funcionamiento de algunos mecanismos del sistema interamericano de protección de los derechos humanos. Este trabajo pretende analizar de qué manera la creación del Grupo Interdisciplinario de Expertos Independientes (GIEI) puede incidir en la determinación de la responsabilidad internacional del Estado Mexicano por el incumplimiento de los estándares internacionales interamericanos sobre prevención, investigación y sanción de la desaparición forzada. En aquel sentido, este trabajo se dividirá en tres secciones. En la primera de ellas se describirán brevemente los hechos, a fin de demarcar el contexto fáctico a partir del cual se reflexionará. La segunda sección hará referencia a la creación del GIEI en el marco de las medidas cautelares adoptadas por la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Comisión IDH) en este caso. En la tercera y última sección, se valorará si las obligaciones generales de respeto y garantía han sido vulneradas en este caso, centrando el foco de atención en los deberes específcos de prevención e investigación.Palabras clave: Ayotzinapa; Grupo Interdisciplinario de Expertos Independientes; Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos; desaparición forzada.ResumoO desaparecimento forçado de estudantes normalistas acontecida em setembro de 2014 perto da cidade mexicana de Ayotzinapa é uma tragédia que, além de capturar a atenção da imprensa internacional, permitiu o funcionamento de determinados mecanismos do sistema interamericano de proteção dos direitos humanos. Este trabalho pretende analisar de que forma a criação do Grupo Interdisciplinar de Peritos Independentes (GIEI) podem afetar na determinação da responsabilidade internacional do Estado Mexicano pelo incumprimento dos padrões internacionais interamericanos sobre a prevenção, investigação e punição de desaparecimento forçado. Nesse sentido, este trabalho será dividido em três seções. No primeiro deles, os fatos serão brevemente descritos, a fm de demarcar o contexto factual a partir do qual será refletido. A segunda seção referirá a criação do GIEI no marco das medidas cautelaresadotadas pela Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (Comissão IDH) no presente caso. Na terceira e última seção, vai ser valorado se as obrigações gerais de respeito e garantia foram vulneradas neste caso, centrando o foco de atenção nos deveres específcos de prevenção e investigação.Palavras-chave: Ayotzinapa; Grupo Interdisciplinar de Peritos Independentes; Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos; desaparecimento forçado.AbstractThe forced disappearance of the students of the rural teachers’ college in September of 2014 in the surroundings of the Mexican town of Ayotzinapa is a tragedy that, besides capturing the attention of the international press, has activated the functioning of some mechanisms of the Inter-American Human Rights Protection System. This work aims to analyze in which ways the creation of the Interdisciplinary Group of Independent Experts (GIEI) can underscore the determination of the international responsibility of the Mexican State for the non-compliance of the Inter-American international standards on prevention, investigation and punishment of the enforced disappearance. In that sense, this paper will be divided in three sections. The frst one will briefly describe the facts, to demarcate the factual circumstances from which it will be reflected. The second section will address the creation of the GIEI within the framework of the precautionary measures adopted by the Inter-American Commissionof Human Rights (IACHR) in this matter. The third and last section will evaluate whether the general obligations to respect and ensure human rights have been violated in this case, focusing on the specifc duties of prevention and investigation.Keywords: Ayotzinapa, Interdisciplinary Group of Independent Experts, Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, forced disappearance.

Proportionality Balancing and Constitutional Governance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec Stone Sweet ◽  
Jud Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Law And Politics ◽  
Constitutional State ◽  
International Court ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Constitutional Justice ◽  
Proportionality Test ◽  
Basic Features

This book focuses on the law and politics of rights protection in democracies, and in human rights regimes in Europe, the Americas, and Africa. After introducing the basic features of modern constitutions, with their emphasis on rights and judicial review, the authors present a theory of proportionality that explains why constitutional judges embraced it. Proportionality analysis is a highly intrusive mode of judicial supervision: it permits state officials to limit rights, but only when necessary to achieve a sufficiently important public interest. Since the 1950s, virtually every powerful domestic and international court has adopted proportionality as the central method for protecting rights. In doing so, judges positioned themselves to review all important legislative and administrative decisions, and to invalidate them as unconstitutional when they fail the proportionality test. The result has been a massive—and global—transformation of law and politics. The book explicates the concepts of “trusteeship,” the “system of constitutional justice,” the “effectiveness” of rights adjudication, and the “zone of proportionality.” A wide range of case studies analyze: how proportionality has spread, and variation in how it is deployed; the extent to which the U.S. Supreme Court has evolved and resisted similar doctrines; the role of proportionality in building ongoing “constitutional dialogues” with the other branches of government; and the importance of the principle to the courts of regional human rights regimes. While there is variance in the intensity of proportionality-based dialogues, such interactions are today at the heart of governance in the modern constitutional state and beyond.

Institutions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Kahn ◽  
Mark Lipovetsky ◽  
Irina Reyfman ◽  
Stephanie Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Women Writers ◽  
The Self ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
The Creation

The chapter examines the emergence of literature from coteries and domestic routine. It describes how male poetic circles, held together by friendship and common intellectual interests, produced the interconnected institutions of literature necessary to literature. While early in the century, women writers mostly worked privately, they eventually moved into more public venues such as the salon. An interest in subjectivity, the self, and friendship networks, which were also reading communities, fostered the creation of a performative and reflective self that gave rise to literary heroes to satisfy the new interests and demands of writers and readers.

Digital Authoritarianism and the Future of Human Rights

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Tiberiu Dragu ◽  
Yonatan Lupu
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Human Rights Regime ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Strategic Context

Abstract How will advances in digital technology affect the future of human rights and authoritarian rule? Media figures, public intellectuals, and scholars have debated this relationship for decades, with some arguing that new technologies facilitate mobilization against the state and others countering that the same technologies allow authoritarians to strengthen their grip on power. We address this issue by analyzing the first game-theoretic model that accounts for the dual effects of technology within the strategic context of preventive repression. Our game-theoretical analysis suggests that technological developments may not be detrimental to authoritarian control and may, in fact, strengthen authoritarian control by facilitating a wide range of human rights abuses. We show that technological innovation leads to greater levels of abuses to prevent opposition groups from mobilizing and increases the likelihood that authoritarians will succeed in preventing such mobilization. These results have broad implications for the human rights regime, democratization efforts, and the interpretation of recent declines in violent human rights abuses.

Navigating gender in elite bargains: Women's movements and the quest for inclusive peace in Colombia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Alexandra Phelan ◽  
Jacqui True
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Bargaining Process ◽  
Political Bargaining ◽  
Significant Case ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Abstract A growing body of scholarship connects the participation of women and the inclusion of gender provisions to the sustainability of peace settlements. But how do women's groups navigate gender power structures and gendered forms of violence within complex and fragile political bargaining processes aimed at ending large-scale conflict? The 2016 Colombian peace agreement, internationally applauded for its inclusion of strong gender provisions and women's participation as negotiators and peace advocates, is a significant case for examining these questions. Drawing on original case material, including interviews of key actors on different sides of the conflict – this article analyses the political bargaining dynamics within and among women's movements, the Santos government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC). We argue that the inclusion of women was pivotal in transforming the elite bargaining process and power structures of Colombian society enabling a gender-based approach to the substantive peace agenda addressing transitional gender justice for sexual violence survivors and gender-equal redistribution through land and rural reform programmes. The study suggests that deeply situated political bargaining analysis is essential to navigating gender in elite bargains rather than a one-size-fits-all approach to inclusive peace.

Occupational hazard in Malaysian traffic police: special focus on air pollutants

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Putri Anis Syahira Mohamad Jamil ◽  
Karmegam Karuppiah ◽  
Irniza Rasdi ◽  
Vivien How ◽  
Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Injuries ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Traffic Police ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Control ◽  
Risk Occupation ◽  
High Risk Occupation

Abstract This paper provides a specific deliberation on occupational hazards confronted daily by Malaysian Traffic Police. Traffic police is a high-risk occupation that involves a wide range of tasks and, indirectly, faced with an equally wide variety of hazards at work namely, physical, biological, psychosocial, chemical, and ergonomic hazards. Thereupon, occupational injuries, diseases, and even death are common in the field. The objective of this paper is to collate and explain the major hazards of working as Malaysian traffic police especially in Point Duty Unit, their health effects, and control measures. There are many ways in which these hazards can be minimised by ensuring that sufficient safety measures are taken such as a wireless outdoor individual exposure indicator system for the traffic police. By having this system, air monitoring among traffic police may potentially be easier and accurate. Other methods of mitigating these unfortunate events are incorporated and addressed in this paper according to the duty and needs of traffic police.

scholarly journals Everyday Lawmaking in International Human Rights Law: Insights from the Inclusion of Domestic Violence in the Prohibition of Torture

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Natalie R. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
International Human ◽  
Norm Change

How is international human rights law (IHRL) made “everyday” outside of treaty negotiations? Leading socio-legal accounts emphasize transnational civil society activism as a driver of norm change but insufficiently consider power dynamics and the legal-institutional environment. This article sheds light on these dimensions of IHRL by reconstructing how domestic violence came to be included in the prohibition of torture in five international and regional human rights institutions. Through process tracing based on interviews and a vast amount of documentation, the study reveals everyday lawmaking in IHRL as a complex, incremental process in which a wide range of actors negotiate legal outcomes. The political implications of this process are ambiguous as it enables participation while creating hidden sites of power. In addition to challenging existing models of international norm change, this study offers an in-depth empirical exploration of a key development in the international prohibition of torture and demonstrates the benefits of process tracing as a socio-legal methodology.

scholarly journals Workplace gender-based violence and associated factors among university women in Enugu, South-East Nigeria: an institutional-based cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaoluwa Samson Agbaje ◽  
Chinenye Kalu Arua ◽  
Joshua Emeka Umeifekwem ◽  
Prince Christian Iheanachor Umoke ◽  
Chima Charles Igbokwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Doctoral Degree ◽  
Workplace Incivility ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
University Women ◽  
Contract Employment ◽  
Gender Based

Abstract Background Exposure to workplace gender-based violence (GBV) can affect women's mental and physical health and work productivity in higher educational settings. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence of GBV (workplace incivility, bullying, sexual harassment), and associated factors among Nigerian university women. Methods The study was an institutional-based cross-sectional survey. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 339 female staff from public and private universities in Enugu, south-east Nigeria. Data was collected using the Workplace Incivility Scale (WIS), Modified Workplace Incivility Scale (MWIS), Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R), and Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ). Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, Pearson’s Chi-square test, univariate ANOVA, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted at 0.05 level of significance. Results The prevalence of workplace incivility, bullying, and sexual harassment (SH) was 63.8%, 53.5%, and 40.5%. The 12-month experience of the supervisor, coworker, and instigated incivilities was 67.4%, 58.8%, and 52.8%, respectively. Also, 47.5% of the participants initiated personal bullying, 62.5% experienced work-related bullying, and 42.2% experienced physical bullying. The 12-month experience of gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion were 36.5%, 25.6%, and 26.6%, respectively. Being aged 35–49 years (AOR 0.15; 95% CI (0.06, 0.40), and ≥ 50 years (AOR 0.04; 95% CI (0.01, 0.14) were associated with workplace incivility among female staff. Having a temporary appointment (AOR 7.79, 95% CI (2.26, 26.91) and casual/contract employment status (AOR 29.93, 95% CI (4.57, 192.2) were reported to be associated with workplace bullying. Having a doctoral degree (AOR 3.57, 95% CI (1.24, 10.34), temporary appointment (AOR 91.26, 95% CI (14.27, 583.4) and casual/contract employment status (AOR 73.81, 95% CI (7.26, 750.78) were associated with workplace SH. Conclusions The prevalence of GBV was high. There is an urgent need for workplace interventions to eliminate different forms of GBV and address associated factors to reduce the adverse mental, physical, and social health outcomes among university women.

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