Environmental and Social Consequences of Coca/Cocaine in Peru: Policy Alternatives and a Research Agenda

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Policy Alternatives ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Negative Impacts

The demand for illicit drugs can leverage dramatic changes in land cover and associated native biological diversity. These changes, in turn, can lead to loss of critical habitats and rare species of plants and animals, in addition to the degradation of remaining habitats and the contamination of water bodies. Concomitantly, demand can transform social and economic processes, acting against the interests of long-time residents, such as indigenous groups, by attracting new colonists and fomenting crime and violence. Given these potential interconnections between illicit drugs and grave social and environmental consequences, it is more than peculiar that so much scholarly work on environmental transformations does not consider drug-related causes in those countries that supply or transship the drugs. Examples of this myopia include most of the literature on tropical deforestation, where illicit drugs are ignored (e.g., Anderson 1990; Wood 1990; Dove 1993; Myers 1993; Place 1993; Rudel 1993; Brown and Pearce 1994; Jepman 1995; Goldsmith 1998; Barraclough and Ghimere 2000; Horta 2000). The chapters in this book partly correct this deficit and I provide here information for the case of Peru and for “coca/cocaine.” In this chapter, I provide an overview of the way these processes have acted in Peru in relation to the demand for coca leaves, which are transformed into cocaine paste and cocaine. I find great spatial heterogeneity in the negative impacts, at least some of which can be explained by the values and practices of particular social groups. A political ecology approach is helpful in this assessment because by definition illicit drugs intermix the power of governments and economic forces with outcomes toward and resistance by local peoples. I begin by characterizing “coca/ cocaine,” first disaggregating the two words and then showing how the associated processes have affected geopolitics acting upon and within Peru. Then, I examine the evidence available for the effects of coca/cocaine on local landscapes inhabited by indigenous and other social groups. Finally, I outline the known environmental consequences. In the conclusion, I provide the elements necessary for a more complete research agenda that, in turn, could provide the information needed to explore policy alternatives for the social actors involved.

scholarly journals Risks inherent in the digital surveillance economy: A research agenda

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Digital Surveillance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Surveillance Society ◽  
New Phase

The digitisation of data about the world relevant to business has given rise to a new phase of digitalisation of business itself. The digitisation of data about people has linked with the notions of information society, surveillance society, surveillance state and surveillance capitalism, and given rise to what is referred to in this article as the digital surveillance economy. At the heart of this is a new form of business model that is predicated on the acquisition and consolidation of very large volumes of personal data, and its exploitation to target advertisements, manipulate consumer behaviour, and price goods and services at the highest level that each individual is willing to bear. In the words of the model’s architects, users are ‘bribed’ and ‘induced’ to make their data available at minimal cost to marketers. The digital surveillance economy harbours serious threats to the interests of individuals, societies and polities. That in turn creates risks for corporations. The new economic wave may prove to be a tsunami that swamps the social dimension and washes away the last five centuries’ individualism and humanism. Alternatively, institutional adaptation might occur, overcoming the worst of the negative impacts; or a breaking-point could be reached and consumers might rebel against corporate domination. A research agenda is proposed, to provide a framework within which alternative scenarios can be investigated.

Fungi and diseases — natural components of healthy forestsThis article is one of a collection of papers based on a presentation from the Stem and Shoot Fungal Pathogens and Parasitic Plants: the Values of Biological Diversity session of the XXII International Union of Forestry Research Organization World Congress meeting held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, in 2005.

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Ostry ◽  
G. Laflamme
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Many ◽  
Native Fungi

Forest health is described and perceived in different ways by the general public, land owners, managers, politicians, and scientists, depending on their values and objectives. Native tree pathogens and diseases are often associated with negative impacts even though damage is limited or not widespread. Too often, the concepts of tree health and forest health are used interchangeably and are not related to scale. Similar to fire, occurrences of disease outbreaks focus on the negative effects. However, native pathogens often exist in equilibrium with natural forest communities so their critical ecological roles are not easily discernible. Examined holistically, native fungi and diseases, dead and dying trees, and the many complex ecological interactions among them provide valuable benefits that ultimately contribute to sustainable, healthy forest ecosystems.

Alternative Futures for Forest-Based Nanomaterials

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Bengston ◽  
Jim Dator ◽  
Michael J. Dockry ◽  
Aubrey Yee
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Alternative Futures ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

Forestry and forest products research has entered into a robust research agenda focused on creating nano-sized particles and nanoproducts from wood. As wood-based materials can be sustainably produced, the potential of these renewable products could be limitless and include high-end compostable electronics, paint-on solar panels, and lightweight materials for airplanes and cars. Others warn about potential serious negative health and environmental consequences. Either way, wood-based nanomaterials could disrupt forestry as we know it. This article is a summary and analysis of a collaborative research project exploring the futures of wood-based nanomaterials within the context of the futures of forests and forest management within the United States. We start by describing the history of forestry through the lens of the U.S. Forest Service, then describe nanotechnology in general and wood-based nanocellulose specifically. Next, we outline the Manoa School alternative futures method, and how we used it to design and carry out a “complete futures of x” project. Following the Manoa School approach, we describe four alternative futures for forestry and forest management. We conclude with implications for the future of forestry, forests, and forest-based nanomaterials, as well as a discussion on the implementation of a complete “futures of x” project.

Anti, Alternative, and Post: A Review of Post-Growth A Review of Post-Growth Approaches to Radical Transformation in the Global South

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Hollender
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Ecology ◽  
Global South ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Limits To Growth ◽  
Prefigurative Politics ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Global Systems ◽  
Systems Of Domination

A diverse set of post-growth theories, proposals, and practices are emerging out of dramatically different contexts across the Global South in response to the recognition that the negative impacts of economic growth are rooted in dominant global systems including development, capitalism, and coloniality.  The emergence of post-growth comes after decades of failed attempts by reform-based approaches, such as sustainable development, limits to growth, and alter-globalization, to meet environmental and social objectives.  While reform-based approaches provide important tools for calculating appropriate limits for growth and promoting sustainability agendas, they do not address growth’s embeddedness in dominant systems.  Also, reform measures often neglect the historical and spatial complexities of poverty, inequality, and environmental problems in Southern societies, rendering these approaches inappropriate and/or infeasible.  As a result, a number of radical post-growth theories, including political ecology, post-development, anti-globalization, anti-capitalism, capitalist crisis critique, decolonial theory, and post-ideological anarchism reject system reform and call for the creation of alternatives that address the unique circumstances of the Global South.  Despite having disparate conceptualizations of the global systems of domination, radical post-growth theories largely converge around the politics and processes of change, espousing the construction of ‘alternatives to’ via a series of radical democratic practices including open-endedness, pluriversality, and prefigurative politics.  Through an examination of the academic approaches that engage with post-growth in the Global South, this review will contribute to understanding and potentiating Southern efforts at anti-systemic transformation.  It will reveal how different radical post-growth theories (1) identify and understand the systems of domination responsible for upholding the primacy of economic growth; (2) contemplate Southern contexts and concerns; and (3) foment long-term processes of building anti-systemic alternatives.  It will identify some practical impediments to moving beyond post-growth theories to implementable proposals, policies, and practices, many of which are exemplified by post-extractivist efforts in Peru.

Hohokam Political Ecology and Vulnerability: Comments on Waters and Ravesloot

2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley E. Ensor ◽  
Marisa O. Ensor ◽  
Gregory W. De Vries
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
River Channel ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Anthropological Perspective ◽  
Channel Change ◽  
Channel Changes ◽  
Environmental Processes ◽  
River Channel Change

Waters and Ravesloot (2001) test the assumption that natural river channel change caused periods of Hohokam cultural reorganization. However, they conclude that channel changes did not correlate with all periods and areas of significant cultural changes and that landscape alone cannot explain Hohokam transformations. An anthropological perspective on political ecology and disasters can explain why environmental processes and events differentially impact societies, differentially impact societies diachronically and differentially impact social groups within societies. We suggest that this perspective may explain the variability described by Waters and Ravesloot.

scholarly journals The practice of Cousin Marriage in the Community of Kalola Village, Pasangkayu Regency, West Sulawesi

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-82
Author(s):  
Muhammd Rizal Soulisa ◽  
Lukman S. Thahir ◽  
Malkan Malkan
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Cousin Marriage ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Grounded Theory Approach

The aim of this paper is to discuss the practice of cousin marriage in the community of Kalola Village, Pasangkayu Regency, West Sulawesi. This study uses qualitative methods and data was gathered through observation, in-depth interviews, and written material. Data analysis was analyzed using grounded theory approach. the background of a cousin marriage in the Mandar tribe community in Kalola Village is a tradition that has been strong for a long time in the community, in addition to the factor of maintaining a large family and protecting property. Meanwhile, the impact of cousin marriage includes both positive and negative impacts. The positive impact is to reduce the number of conflicts in the community and strengthen local political systems, while the negative impact is the breakdown of kinship in the event of conflict and divorce and health risks.

The Effects of COVID-19 on Tourism and Hospitality Employment

2021 ◽  
pp. 539-557
Author(s):  
Zeynep Karsavuran
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Physical And Psychological Health ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality Industry ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality

This chapter attempts to draw attention to the effects of COVID-19 on tourism and hospitality employment. Specifically, two major impacts on the workforce are detected and discussed within this scope: job losses and deterioration of the working conditions. Job loss causes financial strain, deterioration of physical and psychological health, and social consequences for the dismissed individuals. In addition, employees who remain in the organizations also face negative impacts of the COVID-19 crisis such as health risks, increasing precariousness, and changing working methods. These labour issues are further discussed for their consequences on the tourism and hospitality industry, and solution and recommendations are provided to overcome the negative effects.

36. Principles, pragmatism, and prohibition: explaining continuity and change in british drug policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Drug Policy ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
New Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter analyses the development of British policy on illicit drugs from the late nineteenth century until 2016. It shows how this is characterized by contestation between social groups who have an interest in the control and regulation of some drugs and their users. It argues that there is a ‘medico-penal constellation’ of powerful organizations that produce British drug policy in accordance with their own ideas and interest. There have been clashes between the different principles held by people within these organizations but these have often been dealt with through the creation of pragmatic compromises. Recent examples include policies towards ‘recovery’ in drug treatment and new psychoactive substances whilst heroin-related deaths are used to explain why, so far, these pragmatic compromises have not ended the prohibition upon which British drug policy is based.

Biodiversity implications of water management in the Great Artesian Basin.

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Noble ◽  
MA Habermehl ◽  
CD James ◽  
J Landsberg ◽  
AC Langston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Waters ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
New South ◽  
Grazing Impact ◽  
Artesian Basin ◽  
Land Type ◽  
Great Artesian Basin ◽  
South Wales ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
Negative Impacts

The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) underlies a vast, mainly arid, region where most of the indigenous biota are not dependent upon surface water. In contrast, an important minority is dependent on refuges such as mound springs and their associated wetlands. In some parts of the GAB, such as western New South Wales, many springs have either ceased to flow, or are now barely detectable, because the proliferation of artesian waterbores has reduced groundwater pressures. Because of the rarity of species endemic to mound springs, and the damage they have suffered since pastoral settlement, emphasis should be directed towards conservation and possible rejuvenation of these ecosystems. Provision of artificial sources of water allows more widespread grazing by livestock, larger native and feral herbivores, thereby posing threats to native plants and animals that do not use the water. Because of the proliferation of artificial waters and the grazing they allow, terrestrial grazing-sensitive species now appear to be confined to tiny patches in the landscape. Some nature reserves within the GAB retain numerous artificial sources of water. Most of these should be closed over time to reduce negative impacts on grazing-sensitive plants and animals, especially where these species are inadequately protected elsewhere. In those regions where the ratio of artificial to natural waters is still low, consideration should be given to balancing provision of water for livestock with conservation of biological diversity, by maintaining a patchwork of areas remote from water. In regions where the density of artificial waters is high, conservation of biodiversity on freehold and leasehold lands might be enhanced with a mix of approaches accommodating the needs of the biota and the aspirations of landholders, tailored according to land type and condition. Key words: Great Artesian Basin, biological diversity, mound springs, refuges, rare biota, grazing impact, conservation management, groundwater.

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