Economic and Social Impacts of COVID-19 on European Tourism

European tourism has been largely disrupted by the pandemic throughout 2020. In this study, the economic and social effects of COVID-19 on the tourism sector of European countries were examined. To understand the extent of the pandemic on European tourism, policies followed by countries, physical tourism flows of the accommodation sector, tourism employment, and turnover rates were considered. The study showed that the European tourism sector, especially after the second half of 2020, was hit socially and economically by the devastating effects of the pandemic. In addition, the study revealed the necessity for radical regulations within the sector in the post-pandemic period.

The Effects of COVID-19 on Tourism and Hospitality Employment

This chapter attempts to draw attention to the effects of COVID-19 on tourism and hospitality employment. Specifically, two major impacts on the workforce are detected and discussed within this scope: job losses and deterioration of the working conditions. Job loss causes financial strain, deterioration of physical and psychological health, and social consequences for the dismissed individuals. In addition, employees who remain in the organizations also face negative impacts of the COVID-19 crisis such as health risks, increasing precariousness, and changing working methods. These labour issues are further discussed for their consequences on the tourism and hospitality industry, and solution and recommendations are provided to overcome the negative effects.

Economic Impacts of the Pandemic on the Tourism of the Developing World

The COVID-19 pandemic crisis of 2020 with its policy measures and economic impacts has negatively affected the tourism industry, which is regarded as the most negatively affected one due to the nature of the sector, both directly and indirectly. In other words, through its policy measures such as restrictions on travel, it has affected the tourism sector directly, and through its economic impacts such as decreasing GDP per capita and hence total demand, it has influenced the tourism sector indirectly. In this regard, the aim of this study is to empirically investigate the economic impacts of the pandemic on tourism of the developing world for the case of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis of 2020. This is done by a panel data analysis including 38 developing countries for the nine months of 2020, January-September, the ongoing era of pandemic crisis of 2020 considering the available data. The findings support the main hypothesis of the study.

The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an extensive deterioration of many industries including the global tourism industry. There has been a strong need for psychology-informed research on tourism that investigates the impact and implications of the pandemic. This chapter is based on a qualitative study that included 60 individuals, recruited through snowball sampling method, 10 females and 10 males from three age groups. Participants were sent an online survey, querying their feelings and thoughts regarding tourism during and after the pandemic, to investigate the psychosocial impact of the pandemic on the population's tourism-related representations, decisions, and emotions. The data was subjected to thematic analysis that would reflect the social representations of the participants and the effects of the pandemic on these representations. Findings were discussed from social and clinical psychology perspectives, particularly via Maslow's and Fiske's theories and the discursive psychology perspective that aim to unfold decision-making processes and motivation underlying human actions.

Analysis of Online Hotel Reviews During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Topic Modeling

The world is facing the COVID-19 pandemic that has impacted economies and millions of people worldwide. The fact that COVID-19 is highly contagious from person to person has greatly affected the daily lives of people, and it has also had a devastating effect on many sectors, particularly the tourism industry. In order to mitigate losses for the tourism sector and for it to gain a new dynamism under the current pandemic conditions, monitoring and analyzing online reviews is an important factor for better understanding the needs and desires of customers. The purpose of this study was to determine the main topics in online reviews by foreign guests staying in İstanbul during the pandemic period using text mining techniques. The information obtained as a result of the analysis is important in terms of understanding how to manage the current situation, developing suggestions for solutions, improving service quality, making future decisions, and adapting to the new normal.

The Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on Airport Operations

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which started in China as of December 2019, has spread all over the world and caused different adverse effects in each country. The coronavirus has affected millions of people around the world and caused thousands of deaths. The pandemic, which causes us to question our knowledge to be true and is a new factor that should be seen as a risk in future planning, has brought new regulations in all vital activities. The fact that airline transportation is one of the sectors most affected by coronavirus determined the scope of the study. Within the scope of the study, exploratory case study was preferred and how airport operations were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic was illustrated.

Obstacles and Adaptations of Mega-Events in São Paulo in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The purpose of this research study was to identify how mega-events that had been established in the official calendar of SPTuris (São Paulo Tourism Company) in 2020, of the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, have adapted to the coronavirus pandemic. The study verified the impacts and obstacles caused in the event industry as well as the mitigation of such difficulties. A presentation was made on concepts, classifications of events, their history, and position in the market, including a description of actions by organizers not to stop all activities; the authors also included an interview with a representative of two companies in the event industry. The study conclusion was that most events opted for the internet and social media, in addition to drive-thru and delivery activities in the case of gastronomy; and that there have been gains in health safety and in the role of hybrid events in the future.

The Effects of COVID-19 on Health Tourism and Tourist Health

The high epidemic rate of COVID-19, its impact on the shrinkage in the world economy, and changes in the daily routines of people show that it is not only a problem that concerns public health, but also a major concern which coerces people (and countries) all over the world to rethink in the name of sustainability of contemporary lifestyles and to work on systemic changes. Undoubtedly, health tourism is one of these subjects. In this chapter, the authors present an overview of COVID-19's effects on health tourism and tourist health.

The Effects of COVID-19 on Turkey's Tourism Economy

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the measures taken to combat the effects of the coronavirus pandemic in the tourism sector. Therefore, the study evaluates the employment rates in the tourism-related sectors and the course of the tourism sector revenues during the pandemic period in Turkey. According to the results of the study conducted based on the observation of statistical data, the arts, entertainment, and recreation sector experienced the highest employment loss with 38.9%. As a result of the restrictions on tourist mobility, the decrease in tourism revenues has reached 65% compared to the pre-pandemic period. While the research reveals the importance of the tourism sector for national economies, it also emphasizes the sensitivity of the sector against unexpected developments. The study is expected to contribute to the literature as it is an example and source for future applied and theoretical studies on the devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Economic Impacts of the Pandemic on Tourism Management in Turkey

The process of globalization has increased interdependence between countries. The COVID-19 pandemic, which broke out in December 2019, has been effective worldwide. The pandemic directly affected the country's economies, leading to a global recession. Tourism is one of the sectors directly affected by the economic downsides. The decline in tourist mobility in the international arena has led to a decrease in demand and unemployment in the tourism sector and its associated sub-sectors. This study aims to reveal how tourism activities are affected by the pandemic in Turkey, which has an important place in world tourism. The study analyzed the scientific literature that, together with the COVID-19 crisis, provided a general profile of the crisis process in the tourism sector. Economic difficulties of Turkish tourism, their indirect effects on a macroeconomic level, and tourism-related sectors were examined. Various solutions and recommendations have been made to get out of the crisis. Guiding assessments have also been made for future academic studies.