Product Marketing

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Wei
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Standard Industrial Classification ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Agricultural Chemicals ◽  
The U.S

A marketer should follow the maxim of the 4th century BC strategist Sun-zi, who said “Know self, know opponents, hundred battles, hundred victories.” We are the chemical processing industries (CPI), which is a collection of firms that manufacture and sell a range of products that involve chemistry and employ many chemical engineers. The buyers are consumers, businesses, governments, and foreigners. When we consider selling a product to a buyer, we pay particular attention to profitable and growing markets where our product has a relative advantage over competition. It takes a bold pioneer to introduce a new product that requires the creation of a new market. Let us study the sellers of chemical products, which are collectively called the CPI. These manufacturers are skilled in the use of chemical reactions and separations to make their products, and they employ many chemical engineers and chemists, often in highly responsible positions. Many of the firms in the CPI are also our suppliers of raw materials and intermediates, our customers for our products, and our competition in making and selling their products. The Statistical Abstract of the United States is published annually by the U.S. Census Bureau, which groups all the economic activities in the United States into 11 divisions by the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). The manufacturing division is divided into 20 sections designated by two-digit numbers. The manufacturers that involve chemistry intensively are listed in table 9.1, by two 2-digit numbers, such as: 20 Food, 28 Chemicals, and 29 Petroleum Refining. The table lists the number of establishments, the number of employees and value of shipment in 1996. The SIC 28, “Chemical and Allied Products,” is the basic supplying industry to the other sectors. Table 9.1 also gives the subdivision of SIC 28 into three-digit subsectors, such as: 281 Industrial Inorganics, 283 Drugs, and 286 Industrial Organics. The subsectors of 281 and 286 form the core of the Chemical and Allied Products, as they provide raw material and intermediates for the rest of the subsectors, such as 282 Plastics and 287 Agricultural chemicals.

Disproportionately Overrepresented: Women in Local Elected Offices

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan M. Bernick ◽  
Brianne Heidbreder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
National Association ◽  
County Level ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S

This research examines the position of county clerk, where women are numerically disproportionately over-represented. Using data collected from the National Association of Counties and the U.S. Census Bureau, the models estimate the correlation between the county clerk’s sex and county-level demographic, social, and political factors with maximum likelihood logit estimates. This research suggests that while women are better represented in the office of county clerk across the United States, when compared to other elective offices, this representation may be because this office is not seen as attractive to men and its responsibilities fit within the construct of traditional gender norms.

scholarly journals Planetarium commute accessibility in the United States of America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Kaurov ◽  
Vyacheslav Bazhenov ◽  
Mark SubbaRao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Commute Time ◽  
Pandemic Response ◽  
Zip Code ◽  
The U.S

The COVID-19 global pandemic unprecedently disturbed the education system in the United States and lead to the closure of all planetariums that were providing immersive science communication. This situation motivates us to examine how accessible the planetarium facilities were before the pandemic. We investigate the most important socioeconomic and geographical factors that affect the planetarium accessibility using the U.S. Census Bureau data and the commute time to the nearest planetarium for each ZIP Code Tabulated Area. We show the magnitude of the effect of permanent closure of a fraction of planetariums. Our study can be informative for strategizing the pandemic response.

Accurately Counting Asian Americans Is a Civil Rights Issue

2018 ◽  
Vol 677 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lee ◽  
Karthick Ramakrishnan ◽  
Janelle Wong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Asian American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Data Disaggregation ◽  
Rights Issue ◽  
The U.S

Asian Americans are the fastest-growing group in the United States, increasing from 0.7 percent in 1970 to nearly 6 percent in 2016. The U.S. Census Bureau projects that by 2065, Asian Americans will constitute 14 percent of the U.S. population. Immigration is fueling this growth: China and India have passed Mexico as the top countries sending immigrants to the United States since 2013. Today, two of three Asian Americans are foreign born—a figure that increases to nearly four of five among Asian American adults. The rise in numbers is accompanied by a rise in diversity: Asian Americans are the most diverse U.S. racial group, comprising twenty-four detailed origins with vastly different migration histories and socioeconomic profiles. In this article, we explain how the unique characteristics of Asian Americans affect their patterns of ethnic and racial self-identification, which, in turn, present challenges for accurately counting this population. We conclude by discussing policy ramifications of our findings, and explain why data disaggregation is a civil rights issue.

Latinos, Race, and the U.S. Census

2018 ◽  
Vol 677 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Telles
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Major Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Latino Population ◽  
Question Format ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
The One ◽  
The U.S

We identify two dimensions of race for the Latino/Hispanic population in the United States—Latinos as one category among the various categories of the U.S. “ethno-racial pentagon” and racial or color differences among Latinos. In a major change from the previous (two-question) format, the Census Bureau recommends a one-question format for capturing ethno-racial distinctions in the 2020 census, which efficiently captures the Latino population on the first dimension and is consistent with racial classification and identification in the real world. At the same time, it nearly eliminates the problem that the two-question format fostered of classifying many Hispanics as “some other race” while maintaining a similar number of Americans classified as Hispanic or Latino. Whether the Census Bureau adopts the one- or two-question format is yet to be decided as of this writing. However, neither format is sufficient for capturing racial distinctions among the fast-growing Latino population, thus precluding effective monitoring of racial disparities in the United States.

Abrazando Nopales—Prickly Embrace: Undocumented Women’s Life Stories/Poetic Performance Narratives

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-180
Author(s):  
Miryam Espinosa-Dulanto
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Undocumented Immigrants ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Agricultural Fields ◽  
The South ◽  
The U.S

I chose poetic performance narratives to create a provocative piece offering a glimpse of the reality, tragedies, dreams, and hopes lived daily by more than 12 million people in the United States. These individuals are reported as unauthorized, undocumented immigrants by the U.S. Census Bureau. These specific stories were shared and collected ethnographically on the agricultural fields of the South East of the United States. My goal is to have “captured” readers to be seduced into the “uncomfortable” world of undocumented people and have the poems/performance narratives become not only representation of the events but, as Renato Rosaldo said, “the event itself.”

scholarly journals Uncertainty About the Size of the Unauthorized Foreign-Born Population in the United States

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Van Hook ◽  
Anne Morse ◽  
Randy Capps ◽  
Julia Gelatt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Naturalized Citizens ◽  
Coverage Error ◽  
Legal Permanent Residents ◽  
Permanent Residents ◽  
The U.S

Abstract One of the most common methods for estimating the U.S. unauthorized foreign-born population is the residual method. Over the last decade, residual estimates have typically fallen within a narrow range of 10.5 to 12 million. Yet it remains unclear how sensitive residual estimates are to their underlying assumptions. We examine the extent to which estimates may plausibly vary owing to uncertainties in their underlying assumptions about coverage error, emigration, and mortality. Findings show that most of the range in residual estimates derives from uncertainty about emigration rates among legal permanent residents, naturalized citizens, and humanitarian entrants (LNH); estimates are less sensitive to assumptions about mortality among the LNH foreign-born and coverage error for the unauthorized and LNH populations in U.S. Census Bureau surveys. Nevertheless, uncertainty in all three assumptions contributes to a range of estimates, whereby there is a 50% chance that the unauthorized foreign-born population falls between 9.1 and 12.2 million and a 95% chance that it falls between 7.0 and 15.7 million.

Why Teach About Congress

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Roger Davidson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mark Twain ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
United States Congress ◽  
Love Affair ◽  
Will Rogers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The U.S

Political scientists' long-standing love affair with the United States Congress no doubt baffles people outside the profession. By the same token, the popularity of courses on Congress is not fully understood. Articles and monographs on the subject pour out at a phenomenal rate, and students receive unique benefits from courses on the subject year after year. Still the question is posed: Why so much attention to the U.S. Congress?Much of the puzzlement arises from Congress's persistent image problem. The other branches of government have nothing quite like the comic image of Senator Snort, the florid and incompetent windbag, or Congressman Bob Forehead, the bland and media-driven founder of the "JFK Look-Alike Caucus." Pundits and humorists — from Mark Twain and Will Rogers to Johnny Carson, from Thomas Nast to Garry Trudeau — find Congress an inexhaustible source of raw material. Running down Congress, it seems, is a leading national pastime.

scholarly journals THE FUTURE OF TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN FOREST PRODUCTS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

1962 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
D. V. Love
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Future

The future of trade in forest products between the United States and Canada will be measured in terms of Canadian exports to the United States.From the statistics of world production and utilization a trend to self-sufficiency in forest products is evident. This trend is further borne out by the statements of forest policy of many countries which favour the development of local forest industries.Changes in manufacturing technology and in the methods of utilization of forest products have caused a considerable relaxation in the traditional specifications of quality in the raw material. This relaxation of specifications has placed in use raw materials which were formerly waste and has placed certain fast growing species in the class of commercial wood.The tremendous forest growth potential which exists in almost every country is made more evident by the modified specifications of the raw material. The desire for self-sufficiency in many countries, including the United States, is moving to fulfillment.The benefits of possession of a particular species or size of timber are rapidly fading. With the improved opportunities for growth because of changes in raw material specification, the ownership of extensive land area and large timber inventory is an advantage which is diminishing in importance.To the extent that certain regions of Canada are advantageously located relative to the U.S. market compared to competing regions, these will occupy a place in future U.S. markets if steps are taken now to provide a source of cheap raw material for the future. There is certainly no guarantee that future trade in forest products between Canada and the United States will be at a high level; it will depend on the extent to which Canadians recognize and take advantage of the opportunities provided by their accessible productive forest land.

scholarly journals 19th and 20th Century Plant Hunters

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Stoner ◽  
Kim Hummer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Plant Introduction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
New Crops ◽  
Plant Exploration ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The U.S

The latter part of the 19th and the first several decades of the 20th century can be described as a “golden age” for plant exploration and collecting. During the initial years of this period, agricultural scientists from the United States and elsewhere devoted considerable resources to collecting potential new crops for farmers as well as superior plants or cultivars of the species that farmers were already growing. Over time, there was a shift toward collecting unadapted germplasm, or raw material that possessed traits that plant breeders and other scientists could use for cultivar improvement and other types of research. Although many institutions and individuals were involved in plant collecting during this period, the creation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Office of Seed and Plant Introduction in 1898, resulted in the largest single program devoted to plant exploration. This office employed many individuals, including David Fairchild, P.H. Dorsett, Frank Meyer, Walter Swingle, and Wilson Popenoe. These and many other individuals collected—and introduced into the United States—seeds and plants of thousands of fruits, vegetables, nuts, ornamentals, cereals, forages, oilseeds, and other types of crops. Although the mission of most of the plant explorations during this period was to collect any plants that appeared interesting or potentially useful, others focused on collecting targeted species. Much of the material collected during this era is still maintained by the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), and much more of it shows up in the pedigrees of cultivars grown by farmers and gardeners today. In addition to collecting plants for immediate and future use, scientists of this era, such as Nicolai I. Vavilov and Jack Harlan, contributed greatly to the understanding of the evolution of plants and plant genetic diversity, and the interdependence of plants and civilization.

Can Strong Creditors Inhibit Entrepreneurial Activity?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuri Ersahin ◽  
Rustom M Irani ◽  
Katherine Waldock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Personal Assets ◽  
Fraudulent Transfer ◽  
The U.S

Abstract We examine entrepreneurial activity following the staggered adoption of modern-day fraudulent transfer laws in the United States. These laws strengthen unsecured creditors’ rights and are particularly important for entrepreneurs whose personal assets commingle with the firm’s. Using administrative data from the U.S. Census Bureau, we document declines in startup entry—particularly among riskier entrants—and closures of existing firms after these laws pass. Firm financial data shows that entrepreneurs lower leverage by reducing demand for unsecured credit. Our results suggest that strong creditor protections can limit entrepreneurs’ appetite for risk, which may reduce churning along the extensive margin among the smallest firms in the economy.

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