Inca and Asanaqi in Qullasuyu

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
S. Elizabeth Penry
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Urban Areas

Prior to Spanish invasion, the Asanaqi ethnic group did not live in large urban areas but in small hamlets scattered across the Andean high plane. Conquered by the Inca around 1460 and incorporated into Tawantinsuyu, they served corvée labor, known as mita, as their “tax,” sometimes working in administrative centers (tambos) along the Inca highway. Although compulsory, they expected to be “asked” to work and fed and clothed at the Inca’s expense in a system of reciprocity. The Incas allowed the Asanaqi to keep their local gods, called wakas, but required them to worship imperial gods as well, making llama sacrifices in their honor along sacred paths called ceques. With the Spanish invasion, imperial-level rituals and administrative centers were abandoned. For a time, Andeans continued to live widely scattered in small hamlets, worshipping their wakas, under control of caciques. To control Andean labor and generate wealth, Spaniards established encomiendas.

scholarly journals A multiethnic association analysis of hyperuricaemia with cardiovascular risk in rural and urban areas in Chinese adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leilei Liu ◽  
Juan Lei ◽  
Linyuan Zhang ◽  
Nana Ma ◽  
Zixuan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractComprehensive research on rural–urban disparities in the association of hyperuricaemia (HUA) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in China, especially among minority groups, is limited. We explored the HUA-CVD relationship between rural and urban areas within ethnic Chinese groups. We included Dong, Miao, and Bouyei adults in Southwest China from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort Study. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between HUA and CVD in both residences. We performed stratified analyses by sex and age. The study population included 16,618 people (37.48% Dong, 30.00% Miao, and 32.52% Bouyei) without a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate. We identified 476 (188 Dong, 119 Miao, and 169 Bouyei) and 175 (62 Dong, 77 Miao, and 36 Bouyei) CVD cases in rural and urban areas. Compared to urban residents, an at least 49% increased CVD risk (adjusted OR 1.49, 95%CI 1.06–2.08 for the Dong ethnic group; 1.55, 1.07–2.25 for the Bouyei ethnic group) and a 1.65-fold elevated coronary heart disease risk (1.65, 1.03–2.64) related to HUA was present in rural residents. Moreover, HUA was positively associated with increased risk of CVD and coronary heart disease in rural women (2.05, 1.26–3.31; 2.11, 1.19–3.75) and rural older adults (1.83, 1.22–2.75; 2.32, 1.39–3.87) among the Bouyei ethnic group, respectively. We found rural elderly individuals with HUA among the Dong ethnic group had a 52% elevated risk of CVD (1.52, 1.05–2.21); furthermore, an at least 79% increased risk of stroke related to HUA was observed in women (2.24, 1.09–4.62) and elderly people (1.79, 1.02–3.13) in rural areas among the Dong ethnic group. But a positive association was not found among the Miao ethnic group. Screening early-onset HUA patients may be helpful for the control and prevention of CVD in rural residents, especially for women and older adults living in a rural community, among the Dong and Bouyei ethnic groups in China.

scholarly journals Trends in contraceptive use, unmet need and associated factors of modern contraceptive use among urban adolescents and young women in Guinea

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidikiba Sidibé ◽  
Alexandre Delamou ◽  
Bienvenu Salim Camara ◽  
Nafissatou Dioubaté ◽  
Hawa Manet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Adolescents ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Modern Contraceptive Use

Abstract Background In Guinea, high fertility among adolescents and young women in urban areas remains a public health concern. This study describes trends in contraceptive use, unmet need, and factors associated with the use of modern family planning (FP) methods among urban adolescents and young women in Guinea. Methods We used four Guinea Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 1999, 2005, 2012, and 2018. Among urban adolescents and young women (15–24 years), we examined trends over time in three key indicators: 1. Modern Contraceptive use, 2. Unmet need for FP and 3. Modern contraceptive use among those in need of FP (demand satisfied). We used multivariable logistic regression to examine association between socio-demographic factors and modern FP use on the most recent DHS dataset (2018). Results We found statistically significant changes over the time period examined with an increase in modern contraceptive use (8.4% in 1999, 12.8% in 2018, p < 0.01) and demand satisfied (29.0% in 1999, 54.1% in 2018, p < 0.001), and a decrease in unmet need for FP (15.8% in 1999, 8.6% in 2018, p < 0.001). Factors significantly associated with modern FP use were; young women aged 20–24 years (AOR 2.8, 95% CI: 1.9–4.1), living in urban areas of Faranah (AOR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1–6.5) and Kankan (AOR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.7–7.8), living in households in the middle (AOR: 7.7, 95% CI: 1.4–42.2) and richer wealth quintiles (AOR: 6.3, 95% CI: 1.0–38.1). Ever-married women (AOR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3–0.9) were less likely to use modern FP methods than never married as were those from the Peulh (0.3, 95% CI: 0.2–0.4) and Malinke (0.5, 95% CI: 0.3–0.8) ethnic groups compared to Soussou ethnic group. Conclusion Despite some progress, efforts are still needed to improve FP method use among urban adolescent and young women. Age, administrative region, wealth index, marital status, and ethnic group are significantly associated with modern FP use. Future policies and interventions should place emphasis on improving adolescents’ reproductive health knowledge, increasing FP availability and strengthening provision. Efforts should target adolescents aged 15–19 years in particular, and address disparities between administrative regions and ethnic groups, and health-related inequalities.

scholarly journals Ajami Scripts in the Senegalese Speech Community

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fallou Ngom
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Written Communication ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Generic Term ◽  
French Speaking

Wolofal (from Wolof: Wolof language or ethnic group and ‘-al’: causative morpheme) is an Ajami writing (a generic term commonly used to refer to non-Arabic languages written with Arabic scripts) used to transliterate Wolof in Senegal. It results from the early Islamization of the major Muslim ethnic groups in the country, especially the Pulaar, the Wolof and the Mandinka. Although Senegal is considered to be a French-speaking country, ironically over 50% of the Senegalese people are thought to be illiterate in French. French literacy is restricted to the minority educated group mostly found in urban areas. Because the literacy rate in French is very small in the country, especially among older people, Wolofal remains a major means of written communication among people who are illiterate in French and who have attended Qurʾānic schools. It is used by these people to write letters, run their informal businesses and read religious poems and writings. This paper is based upon fieldwork conducted in Senegal in the summer of 2004. It discusses the orthographic system of Wolofal (compared to Arabic) and provides a sociolinguistic profile of communities in which it serves as major means of written communication.

scholarly journals Sociolinguistic Indexicalities in Ethnic Diversity

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 35-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Stell
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Heritage Languages ◽  
Ethnic Boundaries ◽  
Linguistic Level

Abstract Ethnicity and language have often been considered jointly on the grounds of their intrinsic interrelation: hard ethnic boundaries are manifested by the use of heritage languages, while dynamics of assimilation reduce the need to linguistically project ethnic distinctness. This article seeks to test the interrelation between patterns of language use and ethnic boundaries in the context of Suriname by analyzing perceptions of ethnolinguistic boundaries elicited from a sample of young informants from Paramaribo. The findings suggest that Surinamese ethnic boundaries are salient, albeit eroding in urban areas. Erosion is visible at a linguistic level in what seems to be a general shift in urban areas toward Dutch and Sranan Tongo. However, this shift might be proceeding at different paces from one ethnic group to the next. As a result, ethnicity is reflected in variable levels of linguistic competence in Dutch and Sranan Tongo.

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments

Cannabis use in Switzerland: The role of attribution of drug use to friends, urbanization and repression 1The study was supported by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (Bundesamt für Gesundheit BAG) Grant 316.96.5980.

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Model ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Hbsc Study ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Individual Use

Cannabis use does not show homogeneous patterns in a country. In particular, urbanization appears to influence prevalence rates, with higher rates in urban areas. A hierarchical linear model (HLM) was employed to analyze these structural influences on individuals in Switzerland. Data for this analysis were taken from the Switzerland survey of Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study, the most recent survey to assess drug use in a nationally representative sample of 3473 15-year-olds. A total of 1487 male and 1620 female students indicated their cannabis use and their attributions of drug use to friends. As second level variables we included address density in the 26 Swiss Cantons as an indicator of urbanization and officially recorded offences of cannabis use in the Cantons as an indicator of repressive policy. Attribution of drug use to friends is highly correlated with cannabis use. The correlation is even more pronounced in urban Cantons. However, no association between recorded offences and cannabis use was found. The results suggest that structural variables influence individuals. Living in an urban area effects the attribution of drug use to friends. On the other hand repressive policy does not affect individual use.

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