Lower-Caste Conversions (1530–Present)

2020 ◽  
pp. 550-578
Author(s):  
David W. Kling
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Lower Caste ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Roman Catholics ◽  
Individual Commitment

Beginning in the 1860s and 1870s, in separate regions of India, Protestants witnessed explosive growth through group conversions among the “depressed classes.” Forced to revise their understanding of conversion as an individual commitment made by one person at a time, Christians discovered that their future success lay in the conversion of the outcastes and tribal groups. By 1933, an estimated one-half of the Roman Catholics in India were descendants of mass-movement converts and at least 80 percent of the Protestant converts had also come via this route. This chapter considers group conversions or mass movements, primarily among nineteenth- and twentieth-century depressed classes and tribal peoples, who currently represent over 50 percent and 15 to 20 percent, respectively, of Christians in India. Groups discussed include the Shanars of Tirunelveli, the Chuhras of Punjab, and the Mizos of northeast India. The chapter concludes with an examination of recent conversion controversies.

scholarly journals Identificação de Cicatrizes de Movimentos de Massa na Borda Oriental da Bacia do Paraná com base em Imagens Landsat 5-TM (Identification of Landslides Scars in the Eastern Edge of the Paraná Basin)

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 056
Author(s):  
Mariana Madruga De Brito
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Tm Image ◽  
Paraná Basin ◽  
Landsat 5 Tm ◽  
Parana Basin ◽  
Eastern Edge

Movimentos de massa são fenômenos naturais caracterizados pelo deslocamento de solo e rocha vertente abaixo. Quando esses processos ocorrem em áreas urbanizadas, podem causar perdas econômicas, impactos sociais e, em casos extremos, perda de vidas humanas. Na tentativa de mitigar tais desastres, torna-se necessário mapear os locais já afetados pelos mesmos, uma vez que escorregamentos recentes podem sugerir futuros padrões de instabilidade. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve por objetivo mapear as cicatrizes de movimentos de massa em um segmento da Borda Oriental da Bacia do Paraná, por meio do processamento de uma imagem Landsat 5-TM, órbita/ponto 220/80, data de passagem 28/08/2009. Para facilitar a discriminação destas feições, elaboraram-se composições coloridas RGB e processamentos tais como Ampliação Linear de Contraste (ALC), razão entre bandas e Análise por Componentes Principais (PCA). A fim de validar o inventário elaborado, utilizaram-se imagens de alta resolução disponíveis no software Google Earth®. Ao total, foram identificadas 63 cicatrizes com a imagem Landsat 5-TM e 121 cicatrizes com as imagens do Google Earth®. Os principais tipos de movimentos de massa mapeados são escorregamentos translacionais rasos e corrida de detritos. A identificação das cicatrizes foi possível devido às diferenças de tonalidade, cor, matiz e textura nas imagens orbitais após a ocorrência desses processos. Os resultados obtidos representam um passo inicial para a análise da suscetibilidade da área.     A B S T R A C T Mass movements are natural phenomena characterized by the downslope movement of soil and rock. When these processes occur in urban areas they can cause economic losses, social impacts and, in extreme cases, loss of human lives. In an attempt to mitigate such disasters, it is necessary to map sites affected by them, since recent landslides may suggest future patterns of instability. In this sense, this study aimed to map the mass movement scars in a segment of the Eastern Edge of the Paraná Basin, through the processing of a Landsat 5-TM image, 220/80 orbit-point and date of passage 08/28/2009. To facilitate the recognition of these features, RGB color compositions and image processing techniques such as contrast stretching, ratio between bands and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied. In order to validate the inventory, high-resolution images available at Google Earth® software were used. Totally, 63 scars were identified with the Landsat 5-TM image and 121 with Google Earth® images. The main types of mass movements mapped are translational landslides and debris flows. The identification of the scars was possible due to differences in tone, color, hue and texture at the orbital images after the occurrence of such processes. Results obtained represent an initial step towards the susceptibility analysis of the area. Keywords: Landslide inventory; Digital image processing; Satellite images; Geoprocessing.  

scholarly journals Application of a mass movement susceptibility model in the heterogeneous Miocene clastic successions of the Slovenj Gradec Basin, northeast Slovenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Ivančič ◽  
Jernej Jež ◽  
Blaž Milanič ◽  
Špela Kumelj ◽  
Andrej Šmuc
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Susceptibility Maps ◽  
Susceptibility Model ◽  
Lithological Composition ◽  
Geological Research

In Slovenia, mass movements are not only a threat to the population, but also a major environmental and social science challenge. Lithologically heterogeneous areas have been found to be problematic, and the Miocene Slovenj Gradec basin (in northeast Slovenia) is one such area. For this area, we developed landslide and rockfall susceptibility maps based on detailed geological research combined with statistical modeling schemes. Crucial factors include lithological composition, land use, geological structural elements, slope curvature, aspect and inclination, and bed dipping. The approach taken in the development of mass movement susceptibility maps presented here is transferable to other areas defined by heterogeneous lithology. Such maps could prove useful spatial planning, forestry, environmental protection, landscape architecture, and other fields.

scholarly journals Diagnóstico da Exposição aos Riscos de Movimento de Massa e Alagamento em Comunidades do Município de Alagoa Nova, Paraíba / Brasil

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2537
Author(s):  
Caroline Barros de Sales ◽  
Lutiane Queiroz de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Two Stages

Os territórios de riscos de desastres são considerados, por diversos especialistas, resultados da associação entre exposição aos perigos naturais do ambiente, condições de vulnerabilidade social e entre as vulnerabilidades intrínsecas à Gestão de Riscos de Desastres. Tais territórios podem e estão sendo objetos de estudo de pesquisadores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, inclusive da Geografia. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar a exposição de comunidades do município de Alagoa Nova - PB aos riscos de movimentos de massa e alagamento. A metodologia está dividida em duas etapas, as quais possuem, em comum, os seguintes procedimentos: levantamento bibliográfico, levantamento de dados secundários, elaboração cartográfica, atividades de campo e diálogo com representante da Defesa Civil Municipal. Coloca-se como relevante à medida que os seus resultados conseguem apontar os fatores que devem ser priorizados pela Defesa Civil Municipal e por outras secretarias municipais para uma efetiva mitigação dos riscos nas comunidades. Diagnostic of Exposure to Risks of Mass Movement and Flooding in Communities of the Municipality of Alagoa Nova, Paraíba / BrazilA B S T R A C TDisaster risk territories are considered by various experts to be the result of the association between exposure to natural environmental hazards, conditions of social vulnerability, and intrinsic vulnerabilities to Disaster Risk Management. These territories can and are being studied by researchers from different areas of knowledge, including geography. The present work aims to characterize the exposure of communities in the municipality of Alagoa Nova - PB to the risks of mass movements and flooding. The methodology is divided into two stages, which have in common the following procedures: bibliographic research, secondary data collection, cartographic elaboration, field activities and dialogue with the Municipal Civil Defense representative. The work is considered relevant because its results can point out the factors that must be prioritized by the Municipal Civil Defense and other municipal secretariats for an effective risk mitigation in the communities.Keywords: Exposure factors; Risk; Disaster; Management

Religion and Irreligion in Early Iranian Nationalism

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikki R. Keddie
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Constitutional Government ◽  
Continuous Stream ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Electric Effect

The period 1905–1912 saw a number of nearly simultaneous revolutions or mass movements in Asian countries, which may be considered as the first wave of a revolutionary movement which continues to rock Asia. The Chinese overthrow of the Manchu dynasty, the Young Turk victory, and the Indian mass movement of 1905–1909 are probably the best-known in a series of events which also embraced smaller Asian countries and groups. The main reasons for their simultaneity were probably: the electric effect of the Russo-Japanese War, a startling Asian victory over a Western Power; the Russian Revolution of 1905, an inspiring anti-autocratic struggle which temporarily took Russia away as a bulwark for conservative governments in Asia; the intensification of imperialist pressures on Asia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which brought Asian economic and political reactions; and, possibly, the beginnings of economic crisis, which were reflected in Asia. Among these the Russo-Japanese War perhaps deserves to be singled out as the immediate spark, igniting highly inflammatory material in Asia as it did in Russia itself. Not only was Asian pride, hitherto battered by a continuous stream of Western conquests, bolstered by this victory, but the fact that the only Asian constitutional power defeated the only major Western non-constitutional power strengthened the fight for constitutional government as the panacea for internal ills and the “secret” of Western strength.

Testimonios of Resistance

2020 ◽  
pp. 273-308
Author(s):  
Robert T. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
Prison Labor ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Public Campaign ◽  
Self Mutilation ◽  
Labor Strike ◽  
Black Panther

Chapter 8 analyzes how legal testimonies and documentation became “testimonios of resistance” that crafted an effective narrative that southern prisons and prison labor constituted slavery. The chapter begins with the story of David Ruíz and follows with several other Chicano testimonios. By telling Ruiz’s story, this chapter considers the terror of racial violence, the necessity of self-defense, and the agony of self-mutilation. The chapter then broadens the movement to include the Black Panther Jonathan Eduardo Swift and a cadre of political organizers who spread the word of prisoner empowerment. Once the testimonies had developed into a mass movement, the prisoners planned the first ever system-wide prison labor strike just as the Ruiz case was going to trial. As black and Chicano radical organizers, they waged a public campaign to make the conditions of the southern prison plantation visible by insisting that the Texas control penology and agribusiness model was built on a lie—that incarceration amounted to twentieth-century slavery.

The effect of forest fire on mass movement in Lebanese mountainous areas

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 845
Author(s):  
Rouba Ziadé ◽  
Chadi Abdallah ◽  
Nicolas Baghdadi
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fire ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Burn Severity ◽  
Susceptibility Map ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Effect Factors ◽  
Landsat Images

Mass movements are major hazards that threaten natural and human environments. In Lebanon, the occurrence of mass movements increased by almost 60% between 1956 and 2008. Forest fire has emerged as an additional hazard: it destroyed over 25% of Lebanon’s forests in a period less than 40 years. This paper investigates the potential effect of forest fire on the occurrence of mass movements in the Damour and Nahr Ibrahim watersheds of Lebanon. Mass movement and forest fire inventory maps were produced through remote sensing using aerial and satellite images. Forest fire was included as an additional factor in mass movement induction, and its effect was quantified from Landsat images through the normalised burn ratio (NBR) index. A field study was conducted to substantiate the mass movement inventory and NBR maps. Following the standardisation of the effect factors into layers using geographic information systems, the weight factor of each layer for inducing mass movements was evaluated using the modified InfoVal method, and a mass movement susceptibility map was generated. Exceeded only by changes in land cover, the NBR produced the highest weights, making forest fire burn severity the second highest factor influencing mass movement occurrence in the study areas.

scholarly journals Towards a model for structured mass movements: the OpenLISEM hazard model 2.0a

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1841-1864
Author(s):  
Bastian van den Bout ◽  
Theo van Asch ◽  
Wei Hu ◽  
Chenxiao X. Tang ◽  
Olga Mavrouli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Movement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dynamical Behaviour ◽  
Material Point ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Flume Experiments ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Equations

Abstract. Mass movements such as debris flows and landslides differ in behaviour due to their material properties and internal forces. Models employ generalized multi-phase flow equations to adaptively describe these complex flow types. Such models commonly assume unstructured and fragmented flow, where internal cohesive strength is insignificant. In this work, existing work on two-phase mass movement equations are extended to include a full stress–strain relationship that allows for runout of (semi-)structured fluid–solid masses. The work provides both the three-dimensional equations and depth-averaged simplifications. The equations are implemented in a hybrid material point method (MPM), which allows for efficient simulation of stress–strain relationships on discrete smooth particles. Using this framework, the developed model is compared to several flume experiments of clay blocks impacting fixed obstacles. Here, both final deposit patterns and fractures compare well to simulations. Additionally, numerical tests are performed to showcase the range of dynamical behaviour produced by the model. Important processes such as fracturing, fragmentation and fluid release are captured by the model. While this provides an important step towards complete mass movement models, several new opportunities arise, such as application to fragmenting mass movements and block slides.

scholarly journals Mapeamento de Áreas Suscetíveis a Deslizamentos e Zoneamento de Risco no Município de Três Coroas-RS (Mapping of Areas Susceptible to Landslides and Risk Zoning in the City of Três Coroas-RS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Eduardo Samuel Riffel ◽  
Laurindo Antonio Guasselli
Keyword(s):  
Mass Movement ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Anthropogenic Influences ◽  
High Slope ◽  
Geomorphological Units ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Steep Slopes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo realizado no município de Três Coroas - RS. Foram analisadas as ocorrências recentes de movimentos de massa e sua relação com as zonas de risco estabelecidas pela CPRM. A partir de parâmetros morfométricos, buscaram-se identificar os padrões de ocorrência de deslizamentos. Também buscou-se analisar a contribuição da ocupação para tais ocorrências, incluindo outros fatores que estão relacionados a movimentos de massa. A partir do padrão de ocorrência de movimentos de massa identificados no município, foi feito um mapa de áreas suscetíveis a movimentos de massa, dividido em 3 classes: alta, média e baixa suscetibilidade, e foi relacionado com as áreas de risco do município. Observou-se que algumas das ocorrências estão localizadas em áreas de vertentes côncavas e encostas íngremes, com exceção das que têm influências antropogênicas, que estão localizados em encostas convexas. Um fato que pode ser explicado pelo tipo de ocupação de área, que ocorre principalmente em pistas convexas e encostas íngremes, influenciada pela topografia da região. Pode-se também ver uma lista de ocorrências de deslizamentos de terra que resulta em áreas sensíveis para as áreas de risco estabelecidas pela CPRM, explicado pelo fato de que as ocupações geralmente se dão em áreas de alta declividade.   Abstract This work consists of a study conducted in the municipality of Três Coroas – RS. Recent occurrences of mass movements and their relationship to the risk areas established by CPRM were analyzed. From modeled geomorphological maps, geomorphological units, slope and altimetry, we sought to identify patterns in the occurrence of landslides. Also aimed to analyze the relationship of the occupation to the occurrence of such disasters, including other factors that are related to mass movements. From the pattern of occurrence of mass movements identified in the county, was made a map of susceptible to mass movement areas, divided into 3 classes: high, medium and low susceptibility, and it was related to the risk areas of the municipality. It was observed that some of the occurrences of mass movements are located in areas of concave slopes, and steep slopes, except for occurrences that have large anthropogenic influences, which are located on convex slopes. A fact that can be explained by the type of occupation of the area, which occurs mainly in convex slopes and steep slopes, influenced by the topography of the region. One can also see a list of occurrences of landslides and results areas as susceptible to the risk areas established by CPRM, explained by the fact that the occupations will generally give in areas of high slope. Keywords: Risk Areas. Mass Movements. Remote Sensing.     

scholarly journals Análise metodológica de estudos referentes a eventos de movimentos de massa e erosão ocorridos na região Nordeste do Brasil / A methodological analysis of studies regarding events of mass and erosion movements occurring in the northeast region of Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (55) ◽  
pp. 959-979
Author(s):  
Caio Lima Dos Santos ◽  
Fabrízio De Luiz Rosito Listo ◽  
Osvaldo Girão Da Silva ◽  
Rafael Brito Dos Reis
Keyword(s):  
Mass Movement ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Surface Dynamics ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Northeast Region ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Brazilian Northeast

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo descrever e contabilizar os casos oficiais reconhecidos pelo sistema integrado de informações sobre desastres e pelo Atlas Brasileiro de desastres naturais referente a ocorrências de eventos de movimento de massa e de erosão ocorridos na região Nordeste do Brasil, bem como analisar os principais métodos utilizados para avaliação destes fenômenos (técnicas de campo, laboratório e geoprocessamento). Conforme a análise dos dados, foi verificado que os estados de Pernambuco e da Bahia apresentaram o maior número de ocorrências destes processos na região Nordeste, estando esse fato relacionado as condições físicas-naturais e as formas de uso da terra. Em termos metodológicos, é predominante no nordeste brasileiro a utilização de metodologias analíticas com a finalidade de identificação de áreas de risco de deslizamentos, considerando-se os condicionantes naturais e antrópicos.Palavras–chave: Dinâmicas Superficiais, movimentos de massa, processos erosivos, Nordeste do Brasil.Abstract The present research aims to describe and account for official cases recognized by the integrated system of information on disasters and the Brazilian atlas of natural disasters related to events of mass movement and erosion occurred in the Northeast region of Brazil, as well as to analyze the main methods used for the evaluation of these phenomena (field techniques, laboratory and geoprocessing). According to the analysis of the data, it was verified that the states of Pernambuco and Bahia present the largest number of mass movement and erosion occurrences in the Northeast, being this fact related to the physical-natural conditions and the forms of surface occupation. In methodological terms, it is verified that in the Brazilian Northeast the analytical methodology is widely used in order to identify areas of risk of landslides, taking into account the natural and anthropogenic conditions.Keywords: Surface dynamics, mass movements, erosion processes, northeastern Brazil. 

scholarly journals Towards a model for structured mass movements: the OpenLISEM Hazard model 2.0a

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian van den Bout ◽  
Theo W. J. van Asch ◽  
Wei Hu ◽  
Chenxiao Tang ◽  
Olga Mavrouli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Behavior ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Material Point ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Flume Experiments ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Equations

Abstract. Mass movements such as debris flows and landslide differ in behavior due to their material properties and internal forces. Models employ generalized multi-phase flow equations to adaptively describe these complex flow types. However, models commonly assume unstructured and fragmented flow after initiation of movement. In this work, existing work on two-phase mass movement equations are extended to include a full stress-strain relationship that allows for runout of (semi-) structured fluid-solid masses. The work provides both the three-dimensional equations and depth-averaged simplifications. The equations are implemented in a hybrid Material Point Method (MPM) which allows for efficient simulation of stress-strain relationships on discrete smooth particles. Using this framework, the developed model is compared to several flume experiments of clay blocks impacting fixed obstacles. Here, both final deposit patterns and fractures compare well to simulations. Additionally, numerical tests are performed to showcase the range of dynamical behavior produced by the model. Important processes such as fracturing, fragmentation and fluid release are captured by the model. While this provides an important step towards complete mass movement models, several new opportunities arise such as ground-water flow descriptions and application to fragmenting mass movements and block-slides.

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